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There is no doubt that the production of goods and services has become increasingly globalized since the 1970s, but this trend is one that is hard to measure. Ideally, the best way would be to use firm-level trade and census data across countries, but such data are very rare.
Georgios Georgiadis, Helena Le Mezo , Arnaud Mehl, Cédric Tille 26 July 2021 The US dollar has a dominant role in currency invoicing of global trade, covering around 40% of international transactions, followed by the euro and the renminbi. This column analyses the effects of economic fundamentals and government policies on currency invoicing patterns. Strategic complementarities and integration in global value chains are both important determinants of dollar and euro invoicing in trade with the US and the euro area, while the establishment of currency swap lines by the People’s Bank...