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Countering cyber proliferation: Zeroing in on Access-as-a-Service


Countering cyber proliferation: Zeroing in on Access-as-a-Service
Report
by
Winnona DeSombre, James Shires, JD Work, Robert Morgus, Patrick Howell O’Neill, Luca Allodi, and Trey Herr
Executive summary
The proliferation of offensive cyber capabilities (OCC) the combination of tools; vulnerabilities; and skills, including technical, organizational, and individual capacities used to conduct offensive cyber operations presents an expanding set of risks to states and challenges commitments to protect openness, security, and stability in cyberspace. As these capabilities become more prolific, their regulation through formal international norms and export controls is increasingly ineffective. Countering the spread of dangerous capabilities is not a new policy challenge, but its specific application to the cyber domain remains uncertain both in theory and in practice. Left unc ....

United States , France General , United Kingdom , Los Angeles , New York , United Arab Emirates , Harvard University , Tufts University , Saudi Arabia , North Korea , North Korean , Russian Federation , Gulf States , Edin Omanovic , Andreaa Golay , Luca Allodi , Anna Shubina , Christopher Bing , Shayanne Gal , Matt Schroeder , Reportbywinnona Desombre , Michael Sexton , Winnona Desombre , Lorenzo Franceschi Bicchierai , Max Smeets , Sarah Mckune ,

Critical temperature for tropical tree lifespan revealed


Credit: Roel Brienen
For the first time scientists have provided clear evidence that tropical tree lifespan decreases above a critical temperature threshold.
Findings, published today (14 December) in the journal
PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) show that across the tropics, tree lifespans decrease for temperatures above 25 C.
As temperatures are rising rapidly across large parts of the tropics, tree mortality is likely to accelerate in substantial parts of the tropics, including the Amazon, Pantanal and Atlantic forests with implications for animal habitats, air quality and carbon stocks.
Although tropical rainforests account for only 7% of all land, they are home to about 50% of all animal and plant species, and approximately 50 % of forest carbon stocks on earth. Thus small changes in the functioning of tropical forests can significantly change the atmospheric levels of CO2 - the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. ....

Estado De Mato Grosso , United States , Gregorio Cessantini , Dieter Anhuf , Giuliano Locosselli , Marcos Buckeridge , Stefan Krottenthaler , Emanuel Gloor , Souza Leite , Jonathan Barichivich , Roel Brienen , Ian Rosser , Biosciences Institute Of The University , World Meteorological Organization , Institute Of Botany , National Oceanographic , Institute Of Biosciences , Proceedings Of The National Academy Sciences , Atmospheric Administration , Leed School Of Geography , University Of Passau , National Institute Of Amazonian Research , University Of Leeds , National Academy , Leed School , South America ,