American mayor. The first african mayor elected in a majority white southern city. Then in about 30 minutes, the history of uncs basketball program. As we tore the North Carolina basketball museum. We will also speak with author jay smith on the academic scandal that involve the universities athletic department. Our special with local lawyer rufus edmonton talking about delivering a subpoena to president nixon in 1973. His other experiences as a deputy chief counsel on the Senate Watergate committee. At more head we still talked about the role that we play on the front lines of the cold war. It was a Major Initiative within the cold war. Ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, one, zero, ignition yuck we are on the campus of the university of North Carolina and chapel hill. Im standing in front of the more head mid building. Home of the more head planetarium which is now the morehead planetarium in the center. The Jean Morehead attended the university studying and chemistry. He had an accident that led to Union Carbide and from that he became extremely wealthy. In the thirties, when he conceived of this idea, what he did is let a Science Education contribution to build a planetarium. It opened in 1949. The memoriam planetarium was the first planetarium in the south. His contribution was significant. We are also the first planetarium anywhere in the world on a university campus. He visited the planetarium and chicago, the other planetarium, s ice which was the leading manufacturer in the world. They arguably still are. In germany. He had as ice model to project shirt and stalled which at the time was the best in the world. John moreheads original vision was to be a place of education in alignment. Hairs a photograph released by the soviets of the satellite. This is the track of what you will see in the lower half of your television screen. Be sure that you watch very very carefully. About the center of the screen the late 19 fifties, the United States government, in response to sputnik being launched in the event of the soviet union and their technology, especially with rocketry and splays space exploration, the u. S. Government felt threatened and felt like theyre needed to be a response. Nasa was formed in the late fifties and certainly thereafter, nasa said we were going to eventually send humans into space. My director at the time tony, the head of nasa at the time, communicated about the possibility of celestial navigation. The idea being as ancient mariners did sailing the seas, using the stars as a way to navigate these new pioneers could be able to use the stars just in case the Navigation Systems would fail. From 1959 to 1975, morehead planetarium trained all the astronauts and celestial evolution. Unc chuckle hill is the only university in the country that can claim 62 astronauts as alumni. They came here for continuing education courses for celestial navigation. He always used pretty primitive technology throughout the training. We had the zeis project sure projector. We had a zeis model six, which was a better project or. But the philosophy of the training stay the same. The Main Technology if you want to call it that that they used was a barbers chair and different wooden or cardboard hood, attached to the barbers chair to simulate whatever the capsule is the idea was whatever you can do to reorient the astronauts. It seemed to work really well. You could rotate, pitch, and all these things had to be simulated because those would be what the astronauts would experience when they were in space. There were 62 astronauts that came here for celestial Navigation Training. Needed to know the night sky better than anyone. They learned specific constellations, specific stars, so they could relate to. They could figure out where they were in space in relation to where those constellations were. You have to remember that they had no horizon when they were in space. No reference. Their vision was restricted by the size of the windows. They may have only seen maybe one eight of the entire night sky that we would see without any horizon, so they had no basis for it. These astronauts knew where they were in space because they knew where the important stars were. These were using all the Early Missions because the Navigation Systems were so primitive. Although the celestial Navigation Training was used in every mission to calibrate and recalibrate Navigation Systems, the First Mission where it was critical that the knowledge of the night sky was used to get the astronaut back home safely, was the mercury Atlas Mission of Gordon Cooper in the early sixties. In that case, he faced all kinds of equipment failures. Including the Navigation Systems. He used his knowledge gained from morehead and the training he received here to relocate and actually manually reenter the atmosphere. Interesting leonov, that was the only one and that mission and that series of mission that was landed manually. It was also the most accurate splash down in the history of that series of missions. It ended, 24 hours 30 minutes, and 91 seconds. Apollo 12 mission was impacted. It was struck by lightning on takeoff. Throughout the Navigation Systems the crew was able to use their knowledge of the stars through the system Navigation Training here to recalibrate the Navigation System that was thrown out from the lightning storm. They were able to reset pretty early in the mission and they were able to complete the mission. Apollo 13 is probably the most Famous Mission that did not land on the moon in the apollo series of missions. There was an explosion and a fire. We have a problem here. We have a hardware restart. Houston, we have a problem. They actually refilled, and jim and his crew, they could not see where they were throughout the mission because of the debris cloud that surrounded the spacecraft. When they aborted the mission to land on the moon, they orbited the moon heading back north, right before they entered and we entered earths atmosphere, the debris cleared and they were able to look out their windows to confirm that they had adjusted their Navigation Systems correctly. Again, they used their knowledge gained from morehead training to ensure that they were on the right path and they made it home safely. applause it really looks great, houston. At morehead we like to say that we trained astronauts and we will train future astronauts. We want every visitor here to see the sky truly is, the sky is not even the limit. There is an entire huge universe out there. The pioneers of tomorrow are looking at the challenges of deep space, but also the challenges here on earth. The thing we are learning today is we have no idea how it will advance. What we want is for the people, especially the children who walk through the doors of morehead, to know that whatever contribution that they can make is an important contribution. We have no idea where it will take us and how it will impact us. Howard lee was the first African American elected mayor in majority white city. We sit down with mr. Lee to talk about serving his chapel hills mayor in the sixties and seventies and the challenges he faced while in office. Why did you decide to run for mayor of chapel hill . It was probably more of an accident than it was on purpose. I went to a friend of mine and asked him if he would consider running for mayor because i frankly did not think a black pen person had any prayer of being elected mayor at chapel hill. He did not want to do that and could not persuade me to do it. What he did was to go to the local newspaper and tell them he had a scoop which is that i had planned to run for mayor. The newspaper, without even checking, printed that story as a front page headline, and that of course split the Chapel Hill Community and following that, i had pressure on both sides. Ive had pressure from one group thinking was the most inciting thing since winning the and see a championship, and the other one thought it was the dumbest thing you could think of doing. Even in the black community there was concern that if i were to run for mayor, it would not do much of anything except exacerbate the race problem in chapel hill, which it has certainly been ugly through the years. I only ran finally because of one person who said to me, you should not run for mayor because the time is not right. I had been hearing that all my life, that as a black person living in the south and growing up, i was always told at the time would not be right. I just decided, lets make it right. That is when i declared i would run for mayor. That is how it all started. I chose to run for mayor, not necessarily to win, because frankly i did not think i had a prayer of winning, but then i won. From that point on it was a whole different life for me. I remember turning to my wife at the time, that victory was announced and said okay, now that ive got it, what the heck of my going to do with it . But it was the beginning of a new life. It certainly had been a very good life for me. Where did you begin your life, and where did you grow up . I i grew up in a little town southeast of atlanta called lithonia. It was a town that was the site of the big rock quarry. They produced a lot of green and rock that was shipped all over the world. That was the main source of jobs in lithonia. But lithonia was actually kind of a country town. My parents lived on the sharecroppers farm when i was born. I lived on that farm with my grandparents until i was eight years old before moving more into that more urban area of that section of the state. You grew up in the segregated south. Were there moments where you realize that your life was a part from other peoples and that you were being separated from other folks . Yes. That had come. A time came when i realized we just were not being treated fairly. Number one, the georgia clan was organized six miles in stone mountain, georgia from where we lived. Every friday afternoon, the klan would hold a rally in a big field across from our house. That it was implanted in my mind. The idea that this was a dangerous group for us, but we were also being intimidated and bullied and i did not like that. Then i became very i had my first very best friend who is a white boy. He and i were inseparable until we reach the age of 50. When we reach the age of 15, his parents told him he could no longer be my friend and that he as a white boy was better than me and therefore he and i can no longer hang out together. He came to me and told me that story, which was amazing. He felt horrible about it, but he had no basis of not obeying is parents, and that split us up. We never had contact a good. I became angry as a result of that. I engaged in my first protest on a saturday morning. I will never forget it. I was in the town of lithonia and i went to the bathroom and went in what was at that time called the colored bathroom. It was a unisex bathroom and it was dirty. Had all kinds of oil and grease, tires in the bathroom. I just refused to use it. I dont know why, but on that particular occasion, i just simply said, im not using it. So i went into the white mens bathroom. I used the white mens bathroom and should have come out and gone on my way, but i decided, since i am here at my as well check out the white womens bathroom. I went to the white womens bathroom and i was discovered by the owner of the store, and when i came out, a group of men were waiting. They push me around and started beating me up. But the one thing that my dad had told me in the south as a black boy, you better learn how to run. On that case, it served me well, because i got away and i could not run these guys. My whole life was reshaped from that one incident. Up till that point, my goal was to grow up, move to new york or anywhere outside of the south. I just knew i did not want to be in the south. But my life changed in such a way that after that experience, i committed to myself that i would never ever leave the south and i would stay and do all i could to make sure that i gained ownership of my home area. The second promise i made to myself is that i will never try to take the system head on again. I will be smart enough to go around and tackle the problems that i feel need to be dealt with without being confronting in the process of doing it. That was the beginning, i think, of which ultimately transformed me into the person i became for the rest of my High School Years and then on through college and to this point. What brought you to chapel hill . Graduate school. When i finished graduate school, duke offered me a job as a researcher in a funded program. We had planned to go back to georgia. They offered me more money than i ever dreamed. We accepted the job. Came along with that job, with a possibility of living in duke forced which at that time was a very Prestigious Development around Duke University. But for some reason, we decided we wanted to stay in chapel hill. How would you describe chapel hill at that time . Chapel hill was a schizophrenia community. It was schizophrenic because it had this liberal image. That is with such doesnt. There was a strong progressive liberty and chapel hill that really, were trying to break down the racial barriers. But then if one looked closer, it was also one of the most discriminatory communities in the area. There was no middle class. All the blacks lived in the western section of chapel hill. They would they were the ones who did most of the menial work and chapel hill because the job inventory was not very broad. Most of the towns people who were not University Connected or old line southerners who really had anywhere from mild president prejudicial attitudes to very strong prejudicial attitudes. My wife and i upon moving to chapel hill, had difficulty buying a house. We forced to selling. After we moved and we lived under the threat of death for the better part of the year for both ourselves and our children. Chapel hill was very segregated. When we bought our house in colony woods which is the eastern part of chapel hill, that was a first time a black family had bought a house outside of the traditional black community. It was very tenuous because black fourth folk felt we were too good to live in the black community. They really did not see that if we could open up opportunities and show the housing regardless of ethnicity, that it could make a difference in terms of how the community resolved many of its conflicts. Over time, it did come to that. University people were very proactive, because a lot of these folks who were coming here, it just simply did not buy into the southern tradition of segregation. The restaurants had, by the time we got here, had started to break down the discriminatory barriers, and most of the demonstrations which were some of the nastiest demonstrations in North Carolina, took place in chapel hill, including one occasion where a group of kids were sitting in a restaurant and a waitress goes in the bathroom, urinates in the cup and cup comes back imports it on the heads of the demonstrators. I was embarrassed. Even the most harden people who opposed the denim demonstrations did not think that was the proper thing to do. They did indeed criticize that. In chapel hill, it got very criticize and North Carolina. Gradually, things started to prove improve. They improved quickly. 1969. What is the reaction to you winning the coming mayor of chapel hill . My first reaction was to my wife, not thinking i was going to win. I did not write an acceptance speech. I did not plan a celebratory event. I was just sitting around Smoking Cigars and having fun and getting ready to go home and getting back to my position. But then i won. I looked at my wife and said, now that i got, it wouldve heck im i going to do with it . It was such joy i and such elation in chapel hill. Not just in chapel hill. Once the word got out that i was on the verge of winning, people started to come from durham, even some drove from greensboro because several of the colleges in greensboro had sent students down to the campaign hug and i was not here when you and see when its first and c. H. I. P. And ship, but i was told that the crowds and the street were absolutely amazing. That was what happened a night of my election. The reaction was mixed. There were some people, some newspapers printed stories that chapel hill elects black power mayor. Some road that radical elected mayor of chapel hill. Those were some responses. Others recognize the historical aspects of what had just occurred. I did not know until that night there had never been a blackmail of majority white unison polity. We dont think ever, but certainly in reconstruction. Thats started to make headlines. Even more pleasant it is that my hometown paper had a positive story. Atlanta journal had a positive story. I was confident my election put a small had made the sacrifice and had taken the stage for this to happen. I think if it had to happen, chapel hill was the place that should happen. Im obviously very delighted that i was the person who is in the middle of that. Cspan isnt chapel hill california where we are learning about the citys history. We take you to the citys neighborhood to the Jackson Center to learn more about the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. We are in chapel hill North Carolina at the Jackson Center. The Jackson Center is a place where we preserve the history of the north side i ten top communities. Behind me are photographs of the Civil Rights Movements that took place and chapel hill in the 1960s. People could not go into stores. The schools were segregated. The movie theaters, all things were segregated. This was a time when again, black people had to create their own community, so in this particular community they build their homes. They had stores, they had a business district. They had one school. They had their churches that everyone attended. There was a very close knit community. What got the ball running here in chapel hill during the Civil Rights Movement was the sudden, there were a group of guys they got together and they decided that they needed to do something here and chapel hill to make change happen. That is where the chapel hill nine started. What made this movement different from those that were going on in other places was that this was led by a high school students. Students got together, talked about it and then they began to plan for citizens and march ends and things of that nature. They join the movement and subjected to namecalling. They were subjected to rock throwing, chemicals being poured on them, which would require hospitalization. We are going to take a look at the photo collection. These photos were taken by a photographer named james james wallace. He was able to take photographs during that movement and get into places where other people probably would not have been able to. He gave the photographs to the Jackson Center. This is one of my favorites because they have wonderful love story behind it. This was taken on franklin street. As you can see, the different signs that they are holding up, the gentleman on your farleft is bruce. The lady on the farright is ruby. Of course at this time we are talking segregation where blacks and whites did not interact. But bruce, he was very much attracted to ruby. So he told ruby that he wanted to date her. Of course, ruby thought he was out of his mind. But he pursued her. They began dating, and of course the parents were not in favor of this interracial couple. They thought trouble was going to follow. But they continued to date one another. The parents realize that there was nothing they could do about it and so bruce and ruby wound up getting married. It is a wonderful love story they came out of the movement. Sustained past the movement. This photograph here is another special photograph. This just showed you how young some of the people were, who were actually marching and a part of the movement. These two Young Children standing in the front, they are actually the younger sister and brother of ruby who was in the first photograph, sitting across the intersection. When ruby would go out to be in the marches of things that her mother would tell them not to go on, mama cat was amazing. She would always tell them not to go out, for ruby not to go, she said as soon as she would leave to go to court, ruby would go, and not only would ruby go but she would take her younger brother and sister, and so this is another story of how the youth were very much a part of the Civil Rights Movements. This photo that were looking at right now happen to take place on franklin street on clone youll drive. It was a group of students doing a citizen. I remember, when i was doing a workshop and this was on a power point presentation. We were talking to a group of four graders, they did not know what a sudden was. As they were shooting this, one of the students gets up and says oh this is my grandmother. Everyone is like where . Where . He points to the young lady sitting next to the police officer. We were all amazed, he was proud, the teacher was proud, we were all proud. I always thought about his grandmother, and what she was doing there at that moment. I always said i bet she wasnt thinking that my grandson was going to be able to benefit from what she was doing then. That her grandson would see a picture of her grandmother taking change here on the hill. For me just being able to remember, being able to tell the stories, not just push history under a rug. I believe we have to continue to talk about our past, because without the past have no future. We have to remember our past. If we dont want to repeat it we have to think about the things that have happened. If we dont want those things to happen again with to continue to talk about them, what can we do differently, how can we get better. So basketball started in 1910. They want its first championship in 1957. Undefeated in the o2 season. North carolina wins the championship its one seven National Championships, five naacp championships, and a lot of great nba players have come out of the team. 52 drafted from the first round. There is great history in both the college and professional level. I you are standing in the carolina basket museum, which is in the building adjacent to the smith center where the carolina Basketball Team plays its games. The purpose is to tell the story of carolina basketball. Dean smith the coach for 26 years had donated his entire collection of basketball memorabilia which was very extensive to the museum. The museum houses all of that history. We decided that we wanted to start with how the uniforms evolved through the years. One of the things that people get a kick out of when they see a museum is the number 10 jersey. The National Player of the year 1957, when we won the championship, thats him. People are stunned to see that there is red in the carolina jersey. Frank maguire was a big fashion played out in new york city. He wanted to put a red trim in their. People were surprised because obviously through the years theres not a lot of red in the carolina basket ball uniforms. Thats the color of the rival state, now our colors are blue and white and thats. All the blue and white came from way back then, there were a couple of literary societies in the 1800s, its colors were white and blue. Thats how North Carolinas Basketball Team color came to be blue and white. Its become one of the top programs in all of college sports, not just basketball. Carolina basketball is one of those programs both in the state and in the country, probably the biggest changes with integration. Back in 1910 it was all white. The first black player was truly scott in 1966. A great player in the nba, hes also a hall of themeer. A lot of the Great Success of carolina basketball has come from black players. Certainly it was an all white tv 1910. When the organization was formed in 1983 it set in motion whats known as acc basketball. Undefeated champions, beat kansas in triple overtime in the National Championship game. That game changed college sports. It change sports in North Carolina. It certainly changed basketball in the acc. There were 10,000 people at the airport when the team came back. It was one of the first televised games for North Carolina. For a lot of reasons, it really took off in the fifties with that National Champion she team, some of the great players from that team. From that, coach smith, dean smith, he began his program five years after. That he became the greatest coach in College Basketball history and is a legend here in chapel hill. When he retired he was winning a lot, he helped the United States went back the gold medal in the olympics of 1976. He wanted two National Championships, and more than that he built the carolina way, a great program. Those are themes that all of the coaches that come after coach smith, coach guthner, williams, they all play behind the idea of play smart, play, well played together. This title earned, that is sportsman of the year. Its one of the top awards in all of sports. Coach smith won that in 1977. Theres a great story about how we got that artifacts from the museum. He had listed on the inventory of items that he was donating to the university, but we couldnt find it. We looked in every closet, the basketball, office even in his house. Nobody could find it. Somebody who had visited his house five years earlier and said i think i know where that is. They want to the, house looked on top of the dining room in the cabinet, and they are tucked in between two plans of the cabinet of his house was one of the most prestigious awards thats given in sports each year. The other one thats very prominent is the president ial medal of freedom that spread student obama bestowed on smith several years ago. Thats a photo with his family, his members as well as coach guthner and Coach Williams on the, right along with michelle obama. They took tremendous pride in Coach Williams receiving the award. All basketball words are great but the president ial medal of freedom is the most prestigious artifacts in the museum to me. There are three players that have their own cases here at the carolina basketball museum. Phil forward who is a great point guard in the, seventies tyler who was the National Player of the year and let us to the National Championship in 1990, nine and of course Michael Jordan who let people believe think is the greatest basketball player of all time. He was kind enough to give us some of his things from his collection. We have some letters that coach smith said to michael. Things he wanted him to work on. A recruiting card that coach smith kept on every player that he ever recruited. One of the great thing so that about the card is that on the card its mike, not michael. His nickname magic. Jordan like magic johnson. Up until people saw that card people didnt know that in high school his nickname was Michael Jordan. He picked that several items to put here in the museum. Whether it was mba all scar gains, National Player awards, one thing thats often bench and is the kurd given to michael. Its one of the most talked about items because of the great respect, its one of those pieces that people come in and they look in there like why is there a letter from Duke University in the North Carolina museum and then they see its adjust to the coach. Hes a great ambassador of North Carolina and one of the best basketball players of alltime. Basketball is important not just in North Carolina but in the state, in this, region certainly the community, and definitely on campus. The acc has grown with called tobacco road because of many of the programs are based here in North Carolina. Basketball is very important. Its part of the culture, its part of when you come to school in North Carolina, a lot of people that come here come because they want to be part of carolina basketball, men and when mens basketball, carolina athletics in general. Athletics is important, its not the primary reason people come to the school. Getting a great education is always good to be the primary reason for going to university of North Carolina. Thats was part of that though. People take it seriously here in North Carolina. In 2012, the university of North Carolina found it in a treating scandal that rocked its athletic department. Up next we speak with author jay smith about his book cheated. Four seconds to play caroline is going to win its eight in a row. Its overdue. I would say the sports are very important to unc. And that respect were probably like any other big sports university. Weve had so much success over the years. There is an in grade tradition of winning indifferent little sports. For many years we all on this campus bought into the midof dean smith as the paragon of virtue, and the master of doing athletics right. I think we all convinced ourselves that a scandal of this kind could not happen at unc. The scandal here started in may of 2010, and it seemed at first that was largely going to be confined to socalled impermissible benefits, because some of our star Football Players were kind of overheard talking about, overheard on twitter that is talking about some benefits they had been getting. The impermissible benefit clause i suppose in the ncaa rulebook, its specified that athletes are not permitted, that is the impermissible, they are not permitted to accept anything of value, really, related to their status as an athlete. That means a fan, a booster, a wouldbe agent. A coach, is not permitted to give you anything of value beyond what is specified in the ncaa constitution, x number of dollars to eat per month. X numbers of dollars for your books, etc etc. Anything beyond that is impermissible and will get you in trouble with the ncaa policeman. So the ncaa opened the investigation, asked for unc to cooperate in that investigation and by the end of the summer of 2010, it was clear that there were also academic violations that were included in the investigation. I would say though, it really wasnt until the summer of 2011 that the scope of the ugliness really came to light. It reared its head. We began to see just how bad things evidently were. This was in large part because there was one player, one Football Player who had been suspended and 2010 who is trying to get his eligibility back. He was suing the unc and ncaa to get his eligibility back on the grounds that the honor court to which some of his work had been referred had found that he committed only minor violations in a paper he had written. Unfortunately for him, however, in the course of filing his lawsuit he, he submitted lots of paper to the superior court including the paper itself. The and see state fans wants the paper wound up online, did their own investigation and found that it had been heavily plagiarized. No one had noticed this before. No one had caught this including the court, the athletic director, the chancellor. Would eventually came out, in part because of that lawsuit and in part because of david investigative report by News Observer was that a system had been contrived and the african enough fro american studies department, by two people, it did not involve everybody in the department, two people. A system had been contrived over the years beginning around 1990 or so, it allowed you administrate of cyst and in the department to schedule courses that werent really courses. It would register for the course, would not attend any classes. We have no contact with an instructor, but we turn in a paper of some specified lengths, ten to 15 20 pages at the end of the semester. It was often plagiarized we later learned. It was often very shoddy work. But the Administrative Assistant gave a good grade for the paper and for the class. These were in effect, gpa boosting classes. It took a long time to get to the bottom of it, but by late 2014, thanks to the weinstein report which was released in october of that year, we realized that thousands of students were involved in the scandal. Hundreds of classes had been created. Hundreds more independent studies that were basically fraudulent had also been scheduled in the 1990s and 2000 up to about 2009. The initial courses were almost exclusively from basketball, which was another more embarrassing aspects of the scandal because, mens basketball is the crown jewel of athletics and hardly Anyone Around here wanted much attention focused on that, as you can imagine. But by the end of the 19 nineties, all sports were involved. The revenue sports, socalled, basketball, womens basketball, football, were overrepresented meng the students who are registering, but there were also students from lacrosse, swimming, and all the rest. Everybody was getting in on the scheme. The university was willing to concede that this fraud had occurred, but for the longest time, they wanted to deny that athletics was in any way a driver in the scandal. The sports bring in roughly 19 million a year at unc. That is a lot of money. It pays for all of the other sports. All of the other sports are able to operate and operate at a high level thanks to all that revenue that football and mens basketball in particular bring in. So yes, it is the fatted calf. This is one reason why the unc and other bigtime institutions are always reluctant to look too closely at what is going on in athletics because you do not want to imperil that revenue stream. The only people, for example, who lost jobs as a result of the scandal in 2015, were a handful of academic advisers, and athletics. One continued professor in the Fm Department and the person who had succeeded, the initial Administrative Assistant. That per person had very minimal involvement in the scandal but he was let go as well. It made a show of letting some people go, ushering them out the door, but no one and highlevel positions, no coaches, no administrators, no one was called into account. To this day, we do not really have the full picture of who knew what and when. Who acted for what reasons. And whether weve truly corrected the culture here. It is not entirely clear. They are not any more transparent today than they were in 2012. My coauthor and i think that athletes are mistreated. Hence, cheated, the name of the book. We initially started out as thinking that it would be mainly about exposing corruption and university administration. It eventually turned into an advocacy project because we wanted to point out that athletes are getting the raw deal in the system. They were in fact the victims of what happened here at unc. They want to perpetrators of fraud. They were not the perpetrators they were the victims. The fact was that we were exploiting them and their labor and their bodies while they are on our campus for four years. If theyre not being paid while they are here, and they are not going to get paid later, and we are not educating them properly. I would say that is not a victimless crime. That is an exploiting the system, that universities should not be engaged in. At least not with clean conscience, it shouldnt be. They should be working continually to make it a fair better, more rewarding system for the athletes who are in the pipeline. Universities reaction was largely negative. The reaction to the book, to my working on the book. To my making lots of Public Comments about the scandal and so on. When the book was published for the first time in march of 2015, it got absolutely no coverage here on campus. It was never mentioned in any official University Publication or University Gazette for example. They paid no attention to it. It wasnt all that surprising given the bottles that had fought with the administrators through the years. I would say what most surprised me about how the university chose to respond to or react to the book, was what happened when i created a course. A new course in the history of big Time College Athletics and the rights of athletes which ive thought about four times. After the first two times i taught it to make a long story short, administrators who had not been paying attention started paying attention. They made efforts to force my Department Share to pull the course from our roster. I indeed had to delay teaching a course for one semester. I only won my right to teach in the semester by filing a grievance against the university which i won and got a lot of attention in the press. It put more pressure i think, on our administrators. They eventually relented and i have not been bothered in the past year or so and i hope now that the courses are inoculated and will not face any more harassment over it. Many individuals are named in the book and individual instances of wrongdoing are enumerated, but that is not what we want you to take away from this book. It is not what about individuals did and how corrupt they may or may not have been. We want you focused on the system. How the system operates. How it forces good people to do bad things, or at least consider doing bad things. The pressures are just so enormous in the Athletic Program that those who have a sympathy for athletes or who are just sports fans, or who like to be helpful, are going to be enticed to do shady things from time to time. Sometimes well take it to full scale. It is a system that requires repair. That is probably the dominant message we would like people to take away from this book. My district is in the triangle area of North Carolina. Im in three counties. The county where i live is Orange County near chapel hill and hillsborough. There is an airstrip connecting to 80 of the people of the district. My district is best known as a diverse and growing district economically, demographically. We like to say the new south. By that we not only refer to shedding some of the negative aspects of our history, but really started a new course. The Research Triangle story is pretty familiar and pretty well internalized around here around 60 years ago. A group of leaders in business and education and government had this vision that these worn out fields between durham and raleigh might be a new source for industry and especially for enterprise, Research Related enterprise and high tech enterprise. It was not an immediate success. Ibm became the anchor tenant and pretty soon now it is a thriving region. That is what we are best known for. I think the biggest challenge that we face here in this district is the challenge of managing growth a treating achieving fairness and equity,. Justice in our community. That sounds pretty lefty, but it takes very specific forms of especially in the housing area. That is one still glad and always pursued transportation and housing is my main legislative interest. Now i happen to be chairman of the Appropriations Committee on transportation and housing. Those are Important National issues, but they are both extremely important in this history. Transportation, we have the challenge of having diverse transportation, accessible and affordable and alternative transportation for people. Our region is strangely configured. It is a triangle region. It is not a central city with hubs and spokes. It is difficult to configure transit systems and we are working on regional rail, we have a wonderful airport. We have to keep that moving. We have needs their. Transportation, but housing really is at the heart of those values of equity and a sense of inclusion in the community. As you grow it is wonderful to be a place where people want to live and where there is growth and they cannot pick up opportunity. But you cant just leave your housing seem to the marketplace, or if you do you will surely gentrifier in the central cities like raleigh and durham. You wont move people further and further out to the suburbs. People will be able to afford the community, there has to be a concerted effort with all levels of government, with healthy nonprofits, people who want to do something about making sure the community is inclusive. That starts with housing. My job in washington is not to there is federal support for housing at several levels, but also work locally to ensure were pursuing those opportunities. She spent is on the campus of unc in chapel hill. Unc chapel hill is the Oldest University in the country. Today we find out about its founding. Today were at unc in chapel hill. Its the First University state in the country. Its a content stud claim that we argue with the university of georgia about. It was charted first, trended in 1870. Five unc had its truck come a few years later but it already had some classes graduate a bit before. They were funded at the same time. When this area was selected, there were no towns, there were a few farmers, and anglican chapel, but there was no town to speak of. So on the day that they lead the cornerstone for the First University building, they also had the option of town lots. They understood that the university was going to succeed, they would need a town erratic to provide businesses, places for people to live. So the town and the university were in essence born on the same day. The university was started in 1879. The ground broke for the first building in 1973, and a here and a half leader in 1975 the university opened. They had a Opening Ceremony in general of 1975. They had a fancy campus here, no service shut up. It took a few weeks for the First Student to arrive, it took him a while to get there. First First Century it was a school for white men. Only it was until the 1890s that white men were not the only instance there. Its impossible to talk about the history of the University Without talking about slavery. Enslaved people were involved in the building of all these buildings. The construction and subsequent renovations. We also know that slavery played a role in the financing of the university. This was due to the fact that the state legislature did not originally a lot funding for universities. Instead they felt did this meant that any unclean property, so if someone died with illegal air, it would become under the ownership of the university that could sell it. So usually its in the form of, land but there are a number of cases where the university clearly had peoples be sold in order to finance to never. City leading up to the civil war, slavery was a integral part of life in the town of chapel hill and the university of southern california. Southern carolina. Campus life dwindled in the years up until the civil war. Only at the end of the war can troops make it into chapel hill, and the University Administrators made us negotiate to prevent the university from being destroyed. There were soldiers from many regimens housed in campus in nearby towns. In the 18 eighties and 18 nineties, a branch of the railroad finally came to. Town a couple of textile mills develop, theyre finally in the street for the town and nearby communities developed outside the university. In the 1890s the university began a drive towards becoming a modern research university. This meant expanding involvement, development graduate, school and making more concerted efforts to become involved in a positive way for the entire state of North Carolina. The university started to grow in petite and national reputation. In the 19 twenties and thirties, this is when it was embarking in a very ambitious building, and growth campaign. In some ways inspired by universities in the midwest and other parts of the country, university started to engage not with North Carolina as a state but the region. Those academic programs attracted people from around the country. It also interested faculty, and began to develop a reputation as a regional and National Leader in public higher education. University today is very different from how it was when it was founded. Some of the buildings are still here, but its hard to imagine the rustic as little place from touch and years ago. So what you see now is a global modern public university, very deeply committed to North Carolina but also has ties to Research Facilities and programs all around the world. Its still at the center of public life in North Carolina, and i think that something thats very important. Great question. It depends on when historically youre asking, i think the meaning of the term changed. Tar heel was used because North Carolina was a car producing region. Especially during the era of the significant Naval Industrial the pine trees in North Carolina produced our. So inevitably people would end up with tar on the souls of their feet, thats part of the process. I think it was a derogatory term at one point, meant to make fun of poor barefoot people that live in North Carolina. It was really embraced back then. Today it is still the state nickname, North Carolina is known as the tar heel state. But mostly it refers to the athletic teams. North carolina has been successful in promoting the tar heel name. Usually people think sports when tar heels mentioned. When i subpoenaed the president 46 years ago on july the 23rd, that was the first time in the history of the country that Committee Full in congress ever issued a subpoena to congress. It was electrifying because washington was just filled with anticipation, they didnt know whether or not the president was going to be totally, totally indicted, what was going to happen to him. Then one those tapes were finally revealed, that was the way that they removed mr. Nixon from office voluntarily. He saw that his own words convicted him. What was your role during the watergate investigation . I was the chief counsel. My job was the chief operating officer. I was there to serve as the righthand, make sure that the train kept running. I would coordinate the hearings, who the witnesses would be, how theyd be handled, and it was a big job to run the committee with competing personalities, a lot of competing staff, and it was my job to see that things worked well, and it wasnt that old. I was 31 years old, which nobody should have a job like that at 31 years old. I said when i was elected as attorney general 32 i should have a job like that at the two years old. But it worked out. I was an experienced person in capitol hill when he came around. I started with senator murray erb in 1964. I knew the ropes, i knew what we needed to do. A simple thing like Getting Office space, we have a committee that has over 100 Staff Members that we put together in almost a month, in a months time youre putting staff and other people together in as short of the time as a month. The Watergate Committee was set up. Congress was looking at watergate. The senator of montana knew that we couldnt have fragments here at fragments. There he said Watergate Committee, you made them the cochair, thats one of the marvelous things about watergate, the two of them work together. In the beginning they said we are going to make this thing work. Were not canoe publicly disagree about things, and they didnt. No hearing since watergate succeeded like what a gate did because you dont have to compatible peach will who reach across and try to make things work. Thats a primary difference from today. They work together. I can hardly name you anything of major importance, where the parties work together. Can we talk about how it when was it first decided that we are going to send the subpoena to president nixon . How were you chosen to deliver it to him . The senator met in his office in private with the Committee Members and said, we are going to ask the president if he will voluntarily turn over the tapes when they discovered that there is a tipping system because of the revelation of butterfield. Heres a side story. I was told, lets get the president on the phone. Pick up that loaf of bread. Get the president on the phone. I went into the room and got the president on the phone because i had his number. Senator irving and senator breaking would like to speak to the president is what i said. She said hold on, ill be back with you. All that time nixon had been saying the committee is out to get me. Out to get me. Unbeknownst to me the president gets on the line and says senator irving this is richard nixon. He was talking to me. I blurred out unconsciously, senator irving wants to get you. On the phone. On the phone. We put them on the phone, they thought under the separation of powers that he should honor the subpoena. Didnt even talk about the subpoena at that time. They said we should turn over the tapes, thats when they agreed to subpoena the president. Since there was no procedure for the subpoena, its never been done before, is the chief officer of the Watergate Committee i decide for myself. I decided for myself to deliver the subpoena. I was like you have to have a couple of exciting things to do. I got in the back of a police car, there must have been to dozen people following. And theres another crowd of reporters there, and we had already called meek arrangements with nixons counsel. He would fire them and get another one at various times. So mr. Garment and i did a sneaky thing. I had one of those little constitutions, that size, back of my pocket. I whipped that bully out and said i heard you guys need it. I delivered the constitution, not only did i deliver a subpoena. It was fun. Did you actually explain what is the impeachment process, and do Many Americans understand how the system works . When you see impeachment, most people think that includes removing the president. The impeachment process is sort of like a grand jury. When youre arrested for a crime you go before a grand jury to see if there is probable cause to charge and rescue for a crime. Its almost the same, thing not quite the same. Thing impeachment trial prefers charges against the person whos being impeached, in this case its nixon, and it will be President Trump if they follow through on it. Then its up to the senate entirely to take the charges, sitting like a jury, a regular jury of your peers, theyre not peers, the presided over by the chief justice of the Supreme Court to decide whether the charges, and they take those charges, not other charges they dont think with themselves. They take the charges from the house of representatives, and they decide like a jury whether theyre valid enough to remove the president. And the impeachment process is not the entire impeachment and removal. That is what most people think when you say impeachment. That is part of removing the president to. Impeachment is step one of making the charges and they are both very important and both very unique to the forms of government. Hardly light get anything else in the world the system did work and it worked for this one basic reason. Center senator urban instead it or baker said it would work. Im not sure we are there yet. In todays proceedings. The procedures are not going to do that because you saw the storming of the secret room the other day. That is hardly working together. I dont think that that is working together. It is not set up institutionally. You needed to have one senator burr of North Carolina is doing at the right way. Hes conducting the hearings in a very nonpartisan way that everybody should be proud of. He and the senator from virginia have decided that they were going to have non partisan hearings and it can be done if you have people at the top agreeing and sticking with it. Ive seen nothing but acrimony on the half side. Sure in watergate you had turmoil you had people that did not like what we were doing. We were receiving over 40,000 pieces of mail per week. That is astounding. That was male. Not email. Not text. Horse and buggy male. It was very controversial. At the same time, it did not have on capitol hill, the hatred that we have today. Thats another difference between now and the watergate era. In the clinton impeachment, there was a lot of acrimony there, but still, it had a system there that was not quadra for kate id i dont know whether that is a word or not. You did not have all these different committees. You had a senate and a judiciary. If i was setting the thing up i wouldve had one committee in the senate, one committee in the house club with input from the others. But now you seem to have a system that is going to funnel everything in the end to Senate Judiciary committee which i find it hard to believe that he can work that well because you have people that are turfing. Turfing is always a tremendously volatile thing on capitol hill. Do not mess with my hearings. They are my hearings. It is my show. You are getting a lot of shows on capitol hill today. The system is working with ragged edges. Give it a little time. Be patient. Try yourself not to be so partisan. I show a little empathy for the other side. Try to put yourself in their shoes i, which is a pretty good guide, if you can put yourself in somebody elses shoes. It is hard to do in this political haymaker, i call it haymaker. Everybody is so mad at one another. Be patient and tried to let the system work. In the end, it will work. With the federal government at work in d. C. And throughout the country, use the congressional directory for Contact Information from members of congress. The cspan cities tours exploring the american story as we take book tv an American History tv on the road. With support from our southern cable partners, we traveled to amarillo texas. Coming, up in the next hour, will experience the history of this texas panhandle city of about 200,000. Starting with a visit to the second lars