States are making very different sorts of calculations from people who are born here. I guess im not spin clarion. I think theres probably a lot more hope than just saying its culture. And, of course, the other thing is once you say its all culture, thats kind of like, its a big thing and its kind of like we cant talk about that. I think we can talk about this. What do you make of the increase of the labor force increase in alderman . And women, too. I think its terrific. I think its really the single glimmer of sunshine we see in the labor market over the past 25 years, this turn up from the 55 plus group. Its what should happen with a more educated, more healthy american population. When all these guys to and 56 they would to work . If you look at jason and the work on the age of cohort by cohort, we would have to lift and a lot of hope for that. So there were two questions that were actually union yang questions. One is to adjust cut these guys off . The other is if theyre not going to get work, would we be better off be giving them universal paychecks so theyre not breaking into as hardheaded as i am, i think we have some other options from the total darwinian option. I think as i mentioned it we were to overall programs to put incentives in place and also maybe even some help for training and for job placement, that might work even better than oliver twist. I think there are all sorts of reasons to hope that this might be better. The situation that we have net is just pretty perverse, so its a question of how we change it to make it better. I think we also need to go back and take a closer look at what actually happened in the 1990s with the welfare reform for single mothers. That would be the sort of come the example of something against what many people saw as all odds actually seems to have worked in practice. Single mothers we might want to look back at that. Universal income. My friend and colleague Charles Murray will take thats the way to go. If you think that there is something valuable in the vocation of work per se, youll get a different argument argument there, and that something i argue with my friend in college about. We are right on time. I want to thank everybody for participating and for people whod asked questions online, didnt get to all of them but we got to most. One of the advantages of this book, a lot of books are written in washington, this one is really thin so you can read it. So i committed to all of you. And thank you all for coming. And thank you, david. [applause] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible] there we go. Ill start over. Welcome. Thanks for coming today. My name is Susan Barribeau and i work for the madison libraries as a special collections librarian and english languagell librarian. Welcome to the wisconsin bookk festival. I would like to introduce today our author, andrea mays, who will be talking about her book, as this fantastic cover, the millionaire and the bard. Tell you a little bit about andrea mays, like can revolt has been possessed shakespeare and his times. Andrea spent much of her manhattan a girl called holed up in the near Public Library listening to vital lp recordings of performances by the Royal Shakespeare company. A graduate of Stuyvesant High School shows not only a protege frank mccourt, but also of his own mentor, the legendary new York Public School teacher. Andrey has degrees in economics from State University of newte i york, binghamton and from ucla. And teaches economics at cal u State University at long beach. She was a president appointed. U. S. International trade commission where she served as economist to the chairman where picture divides her time between california and washington. The millionaire and the bard is her first book. Book. It is an excellent read about an extraordinary book about Henry Clay Folger and his wife pamela folger. Fans of shakespeare and passionate excess collectors. They are the founders of the Folger Shakespeare library in washington d. C. And that ista their gift to the United States, the people of the United States. I will not say much more, but i will let andrea mayes told this story. Thank you. [applause] hi, welcome, everybody. Thank you for coming out. Ill talk a little bit about the boat, how i came to write it, what it is about and why the timing of this book wasand im incredibly fortunate. Im also going to give you antan assignment, some thing to do starting november 3rd. Kerry is going to be a copy ofnt the first folio that you can visit at the university of wisconsin. So ill get to that at the end of my story. First i want to talk a little bit about how i came to write this book. How did the idea come to me, what spurred me to do this . My obsession with shakespearebe began as a lot of the sessions i think to as a result of an excellent teacher who introduced me to the plays of shakespeares guardian in middleschool and then working my way through high school i had excellent teachers for elizabethan and jacobean literature and i was bitten by the bug and was off and running. Ive been reading the plays from his seat in play is being since then. When it came time to read a boot a month someone recommended to me that i do write about something i knew a little sub in about so that i was not going to be starting from ground zero and perhaps spending a great deal of time is something i didnt enjoy it. And so, my sister said how aboul shakes here come as something related to shakespeare wasnt quite sure exactly what subject. To write about his thousands of books have been about shakespeare. What did i do that with a little bit different . Heres how it happened. A separate shakes. Le bit d in high school and then we use the folger editions of thes in h shakespeare plays in high school. If you have not used a folger editions come with their paperback books and on one side of the page is a tax and on the facing page or definitions. Its very helpful. You dont have to go to the bottom of the back of the book. That was my first exposure to folger said the director. Later at ucla in law school i came across Henry Clay Folger as a defendant in the same as Standard Oil Case from 1911 and i wonder if thats any relation with the weather to the folgerm. Edition. And then i moved to washingtonoh d. C. In the mid1980s and walked by the Library Every day on my way to work. At some point i went into the folger for one of their tours and asked where the money had come from the built thisthe collection and the distant dad, mr. Folger worked for an oil company. Tle mo i thought this was Something Worthy of a little more research, a little investigation and that was how i started weaving the two stories together. I grew up in new york city surrounded by the trappings of the gilded age. So the carnegie mansion was across the street from them church. The first mention was across the street from the bus stop that i got off the middleschool. Our science trips for up to the rockefeller preserve and so on. I have been surrounded by the gilded age since i can remember. And all of that comes out in the book. So really what the millionaire and the barnard is about two separate stories, too. That time, elizabethan and abundant mostly in new york during the gilded age and how we move from one story to the other disconnect did through a book and that is the book that i read about, shakespeares first folio. We digress for a minute, talk for a moment about who shakespeare was. You may be aware that this is the 400th anniversary of shakespeares death this year. So many events are going on around the United States and elsewhere to celebrate or commemorate this event,om including the exhibit at the university of wisconsin madison which ill talk a little bit about. Kespea so we are celebrating 400 years later the great work of men left behind. When he died, it was by no means sure that he would become the secular god of englishlanguage literature. He had contemporaries who were extremely talented. It was not he was the only playwright of the era, that whe he died, only half of this place had been published. None of those have beenbe published with his permission. Let me explain a little bit why that would instead. At the time there was no copyright law. The copy via. , the act of queen and did not come into existence until senate tivo nine in england and therefore the author had not Property Rights in their own place. Playhe they would sell the place out right and then the Theater Companies didnt want to publish because anyone who got a hold o a copy if you were to perform a play perform the plann competition with them. So how did half of the plays get out into get published. The answer is pirates. Not our parent, but the printers would for example high yourur player from that company to recreate the play as they knew it. And they would say, you know, come on and have a seat. And then they would write down as fast as they could whatever they came up with. Sometimes its an interesting and not so great a size. Another thing they would do is send a stenographer into the audience would play was being performed and have them right out as quickly as they could whatever is going on in the play, again sometimes with mixed results. Half of the plays includingml hamlet for already published ina paperback version. If you check a very large piece of paper, folded it once, folded in quarters again, that would be the size of a paper paperback book. The other half of the plays we know about because there would virus at the time who attended plays, wrote about them, but we would not have had copies of them. Had a book not publish the shakespeares friends seven years after shakespeares death. So 1616 16 shakespeare dies when it goes into the ground, half the plays are in danger of evaporating. Two of his friends, fellow actors in the Globe Theatre company decided to collect shakespeares plays, edit them and publish them as a memorial to their d. C. Spread. They made a couple of interesting decisions. One was they were going to publish this allinone volume. In order to do that, they would have to do it in an extremely large format. About 13 inches at eight inchesr is the format. If you have a large piece ofof paper and fold it only went, to be a folio size and extraordinary to publish plays and not format. In part this works that size had been reserved pretty much for serious work of religious or political import and, not for something as ephemeral as plays. You might be aware of the history of jeter during elizabeth and james brain that the puritans had a great deal of power and parliament including one of elizabeths advisers, the puritans were against theater because it was an offense to god tend to be something that you werent. So much of that time that only men and boys around the stage, not women. Not only were they pretending to be something they were, but always pretending to be women. This is more than the puritans could handle. These two men, john having an henry kondo, two great Unsung Heroes of englishlanguage literature whose names almost no one does you do now, collected the sources that would have been available including these paperback versions of the plays. Whatever manuscripts theyad mightve had available to them as members of the theater can do because they wouldve owned the manuscript outright. And they came with some thing that no other publisher couldkne have had enough is the knowledge of how the play had been performed because they were active in those plays thatpeare shakespeare or under his direction. So when it came to taking a version of hamlet and reading a soliloquy, they might say no thats not how we did it. This is how it went. Thats not how it performed better. They essentially became the first editors of shakes years and left us with versions of the play that we know today. So the sources that they might have assembled no longer exist then theres no diary from having telling us what it is they did, but researchers surmised the sources of mightve been available to them. What are some of the plays that would have been lost . You might be familiar with some of them. How many of you brad that back in high school . Thank yo [inaudible] go rosalind, no tempest, no full fathom five and his bones are coral made. Those are pearls that were his eyes. Nothing of him that change but this effort be changed into something rich and strange. All of that wouldve disappeared had this this book not been published. So it into the cleopatra, and long list of 18 plays that would have disappeared on the books that been published. The book was published in 1623. So just to pay for half a pound and then you could ride it to your favorite pounder they could validate to your tapes. The original binding for these folks became extremely valuable and extremely coveted in thell collect it were up. So now we talk a little bit about how this book we caught shakespeares first folio, how about evolved as a collection of that evolved through thean century. The answer is that became a finish up jack. It is not an especially rare book surviving in a number of 235, although 236 is about to be announced, so stay tuned for that. 235 copies known to survive. We are only two copies of one of them survived in the interrupt that is complete. The one at the British Library is missing one page. The one at the Henry Huntington museum in pasadena is missing a different page. Together it forms one complete copy. There is a single known surviving copy of ted bissinger on a case from 1597, the first play of shakespeare publish while shakespeare was alive and the single copy was found in a library in sweden in a boxught e university and later bought by henry fulcher. That is the only copy remaining in the world that i have helped with. So the first folio as i mentioned became a fetish of it particularly prior to the gilded age, but in the gilded age was a fetish object for collect tears. Mostly collectorcollector s would want a single exploit copy of a big original seven century by name containing all the plays and then theres the leaves of the book particularly valuable. Those do you expect over 400 years to get the most damage. The first page of the last page, the last page is fairly rare. The portrait page which contains that engraving of shakespeare that we all know so well its partly on the cover. That by the way is one of two known likenesses of shakespeare not done from life. It there is no portrait done from life that hes discovered yet. But people knew shakespeare were still alive. So when they collect these plays and a gauge to do the raving, they could have said thats not what he looked like. Shorter mustache, brighter eyes, whatever it was committed these are people who knew shakespeare co. Said this is what it looks like. The other is the effigy of shakes their ipad and a turning church which also was noncommissioned by his soninlaw and therefore someone who would have known what he w looked like. So the typical collector would have wanted a high spot including a portrait page, for example. There are many copies of that in the fulcher collection. That is one of the more valuable pages of the book. So the high spot. Someone like Henry Huntington, jpmorgan would have collected a really beautiful complete copypl and then they wouldve gone on to something else. The huntington collection has only a cynic, but also jack london and france than in Abraham Lincoln and all kinds of other things. Henry fulcher was different in these collectors and that heng singlemindedly pursued anything relating to shakespeare. It could be tangentially related to shakespeare. Mightve been a source material but they did to 17 that shakespeare might have known about barney that shakespearee might have known about, but basically he singlemindedly collected shakespeare. Let me talk a little bit about who henry folger was because most people dont know who it was then that was part of the reason to read the book. Henry clay fulcher was born in brooklyn in the 1830s,er middleclass family. His father was a millinerer supplier. He went to Amherst College and while he was in school, his fathers business what a breath and he moved back to new york city and enrolled into the college of new york which was tuition free at the time. Because a friend he had gone to school that said you have to finish at amherst, he was able to arrange a loan that enableds him to go back to amherst. The man who arranged the loan later became his mentor and employer, Charles Pratt and ill talk more about him later. He appears as a character later on as his son Charlie Pratt ended up being one of henrys life long friends, not least in part because he introduced him to his wife. So henry finished his amherst, moves back to brooklyn, and roasted in a school at columbia for law school and goes to work as a clerk in a pratt oil company. The private oil company in brooklyn has been taken over by standard oil of new york with john d. Rockefeller. Pratt becomes again an executive in the standard oil co. And henri starts at the bottom as a clerk of works his way up eventually becoming president of the Standard Oil Company of new york. 1911, the antitrust case resulted in abuse split into 36 different companies. The largest piece of standard oil answers become the secondlargest in new york and that is the one henry becomes president death and later a becomes chairman of the board. From being a clerk, he works his way up to be chairman of the board of the Standard Oil Company. So nine to five years writing excuse me, he is one of the Worlds Largest corporation and afterward he goes home and his wife who is the who was the shakespeare it in her own right has hit her masters thesis on the true text of shakespeare. He and his wife put go throughdn catalogs and order things for their collection and open the t packages that arrive can examine the books come up with the books. They read the books that they bought. They they would examine these books. Emily would write out an index card with all the bibliographic information, including where they had purchased it, what its condition was, who the dealer was, et cetera. And then when the house that they rented in brooklyn became so full with the books that they could no longer fit in the end there, they would take the books down to the basement, wrap them and put them into a case. And when the case was filled it would ship it off to storage. And they did this case after case after case after case in various fireproof warehouse is in manhattan and brooklyn. And when the room in the warehouse became filled with cases, they would rent another room. And i looked at bills for one particular storage room at a warehouse in brooklyn for over 30 years they paid storage fees on that. So at the very end that are almost 2000 cases that they are packed full of materials and put away. How could you possibly hope to find anything if you had thousands of cases, and hundreds of thousands of items . Well, emily typed up, eventually it was a typewriter, she typed up the inventory of each case, and henry personally drew a map of each room and said which box was where and what was in each box. So if he needed to get hold of something, theres the copy of titus andronicus, what is it, he could locate that in his little brown book and then in theory go to the Storage Facility and pull it out. He never did but he could have. There are letters from scholars saying, i hear you have such and such, it would be very helpful in my research if i were able to examine it, ca and i can look at that . He would demur and say im sorry but everything is in storage at all of my time is being devoted to building a library to store it, to make it available to scholars, ill let you know when the library is built. Which eventually he did. At the end of his career at standard oil, he retired, finally bought a house, instead of renting a house, moved out to long island, surrounded by his friends from the pratt family. They all kind of lived in the same neighborhood around a golf course out in nasaa. And planned his library. He and emily had a budget. They had an idea for what they wanted to library to look like, how it was going, what is going to look like and how was going to operate. How scholars would make materials available for them. It made changes to a come attack to the artisans at now, i think there should look stronger, more frazzled. He was in on every detail of the building of this library. He was also almost compulsively secretive about his team. So you would imagine hes been like to since the late 1800s. The people wouldve gotten wind of what he was doing. Most collect yours had a copy. Maybe two, maybe three common Henry Huntington is the larget r number. But folger didnt want anybody to know what he was doing. So he swore to secrecy, not all of them respected that, by the way. One of them black right away to give me your times that folger had paid the worlds recordaid h price for a book and theres only one place the information could have come from and it was the dealer. Folger was not happy. He wrote in folder name. But folger was trying to keep secret what he was doing anything after to keep histy identity secret and keep pricesl down. Imagine if you are bill gates and decide you are going to collect jane austen and every time something comes up, everybody else in the audience c goes off and the prices go up. Folger if it had been nobody was doing and he was not just collecting a copy or two but he is continuing to collect them. He imagined the prices would have on not and he was quite brave. Where is henry hunting 10 would attend the actions and take a bow when he won a coveted item, and folger did not attend the auction and ea games were his dealers to secrecy. A lot of the information got around while folger was doing and he was doing thiseven collecting. Even at the time the ground was broken on the property directly east of the capitol dome, he didnt on a signup saying coming soon, Folger Library because he wanted to keep it secret what he was doing and he was continuing to collect. Let me mention a couple of glitches in the building of the library. One was that he had an endowment setup, the income from which would have been used to run the library and then make out positions. He was very specific in his testament exactly how this would work and at the endowment dropping out tax dollars that they could not make any additional acquisitions and so on. An october night in 29, the stock market had a 40 off sale and the value of the standarde oil stock fell tremendously and therefore the money he had anticipated would be available for building and running theab library shrink a great deal. It is because of emily folgers generosity and her version in transition as well to have thett library built at the library actually gets to completion. T the other glitch in the building of the library was that henry folger took a little over a decade to assemble 14 parcels of land on east capitol street between second and third street on capitol hill in washington d. C. In order to build the library. E buys so he buys the town houses on that street up one at a time. Finally when hes assembled the last of the 14 properties, he opens the newspaper and see his congress about to condemn this block in order to build the index for the library of congress. Okay, so they are going to use a combination. Conversely if the fifth amendment to condemn the block and building annex to the original Thomas Jefferson building for the library ofso congress. So henry folger contacted the library in the congress and with his help are the property henry folger had acquired out of the parcel that was going to be devoted to the annex. If you go to washington d. C. And visit the Folger Library, you will see the library of to congress. I was a great achievement to have been able to do that. Let me tell you a couple stories about acquisition. Part way, the story i try to write a way that estimate their henry folger was going to be successful with this acquisition are not. These are about chasing his coveted objects. I tell basically three stories. One is the only known copy and how that ends in how henry agonizes over how much to bidho for it, how dealers write to him saying im not a lead on this and i can get it for you. I can get it for you and he certainly got it. So either he sent his agent frot london. Get on the ferry, get over to sweden, bring cash with you and hear all the dealers are thinking shall i buy it . Another story involves the chase for defense and copy it, which is a very large copy of the first folio in its original with its original 17th century binding including a more modern binding. Its got the porch or. Its got all the pages. Its got all the played senate. And it was with a, it was was the first presentation copy of a first folio. If you look at the portrait, which is reproduced on the inside cover, you will see at the top of the portrait page is someones handwriting and that is not graffiti. That is in latin a gift from the printer, william jacquard. So he gave this is a presentation copy so we know this is one of the first copiess off the press. It came more available for sale when henry folger found out about it through a sense is that a shakespeare scholar had produced, essentially listing not only the location of all the known cop is that he could track down, but also their condition, were pleased with condition, what please are they missing, did they have a portrait and how much had been paid if he could win but that i did the honors. Henry wanted to own not only the copies they the copies became a production, but he also wanted to go after copies that were not yet up for sale. So you basically viewed as the Shopping Catalog and also had his dealers keep characters around for any aristocrat who might have built these horrible look of poetry as somebody called it. And he pursued those copies through various book dealers. When he got wind of this particular copy for sale, i tell the story of how his running of the Company Really contributed to his technique. It was truly an american, which is not necessarily a good date if youre an english nobleman insulted by the approach themer american would take, which is basically how much. So the volume was owned by a noble i could not make up such a name. He quoted a high price for his copy of the first folio and henry possibly couldnt afford it, so he tried various type needs, could i pay for it hath now, half later, could i pay for it but it stays in england for a while. If you send it to make you may do it on approval if i dont like it ill send it back to you but i would give you 200 pounds for your trouble. Didnt go over well. The nobleman essentially said ive changed my mind. I dont really need the money, so im not going to sell. T but if you want to me every christmas and asked me if iou changed my mind, that would be okay. That would be okay. And he did. Eventually, the nobleman quoted the price, quoted a very high one and henry folger matter. It resulted in henry folgers first trip to europe first trip to england where he picked the copy up and brought it back personally on the ship with his wife, emily. So that when he gave. El they tell you a story about another exceptional copy and that was probably also one of the first copies that came offte the press. The law at the time in 1623 wouldve required any any publisher to send a copy of every book that they publish to the major universities, including oxford university. By the way, Simona Thomas bother using its collection, was not a fan of plays. He saw them as trivia, but apparently they changed their mind at some point because it ended up there. Once the first folio sold out a second, third and fourth folio were also produced, they are much less valuable and they include plays attributed to shakespeare, but not in byyou shakespeare. Io you can imagine the first cells pretty well, so the publishers as maybe we can find some were placed by the shakespeare guide. And they are not by shakespeare. Sir john allcapson new york shire tragedy or not a shakespeare. Nonetheless, when a copy of his subsequent folio comes to the library, they figured the first folio is superfluous, so they get rid of it at a library sale for 24 pounds. When she would like to have been at that scale . Think of that as he walked out of the library at the friends of the library have their sale card out there. You never know what you are going find there. They dispose of this copy is surplus for 24 pounds. All fast ferry to the middle of the story. A collector in the 1900s brings a copy of some meaning to the library and asked the library into authenticated. Is it a first folio . Well, not only is it a first folio, it is their first folio. How can i tell this . At the time they went to the bodleian, it had a piece of furniture on the spine through which a chain would have been rad and then blocked. So you could take the book off the shelf and stand at a podium and read a comment that you couldnt still the book. So all of the books and the era would have had bad by a man named William Copley is using the same kind of glad they are kind of tech geeks and ornament and therefore when this came in in the early 1900s, they were able to say how many of the hack on the side. C it is not only a copy, it is the copy we disposed of. He what to do. Lling the collector is willing to part with the copy, so because of the price, 2500 pounds which was a very high number at the time. The library had run its articles in the london book collecting papers and asks for donations from oxford man to raise the money to be able to buy it in henry folger i can just imagine in his office at the Standard Oil Company at 23 broadway was rubbing his hands together saying i can pay 2300 or 2500. I can do that. As it turns out, the oxford member not all that generous to begin with and therefore the librarians and others had to wht scold them, saying what a thinking not giving money . This book could be part of the t transatlantic trade and culture. They will all go across the pong to the United States and we dont even know who this millionaire is whos making an offer for this book. Who knows we might be. How can we let him have this valuable book . Ultimate blame, with the help of word strathcona ,com,com ma they were able to raise the last bit of money and buy the book for their collection. Bu that is one that henry did not get. He did not get the bodleian copy. In 2011, the Folger Library mounted an exhibit on the firstd folio and included several copies that were borrowed from other collectors or collections. They declined to send a copy of her to visit, so if you want to see it if i want to see it, you have to go over to england and able to do that. So let me just finish up and then ill take some questions if you have any questions. You can go to the microphone and asked me. By talking a little bit about what the library meant. L in particular, how henry folger and family folder view day. They view themselves as taking these volumes off the shelves, dusty shelves of the aristocrat in bringing them to places where scholars would have access to them. So when wisconsin, u. S. A. And have to drive to chicago to see the closest copy that you have available to you on a typical day to be able to see. If youre in new york, losof angeles, San Francisco, theres a couple copies and collections that you might have access to see. When at you see irvine, San Francisco ucla has a copy. But if youre in the middle of the country, you have to travel quite a ways before you can seer a copy of this. However, the Folger Library is sending 18 of its copies of the first folio around the United States for the 400th anniversary of shakespeares dad in each state gets a visit plusm the District Of Columbia and puerto rico. And you will have the opportunity started november or to see a copy on display. So i urge you, definitely take the time to go see a copy of that. Its not something you come across every day. Ive been going around, traveling around in the kinetici of infancy in the copies and talking about them. It is really something to see them. So arguably, that is the book they saved half of shakespeares plays. Arguably, half of the place would disappeared. By the way, that is spot on for the number of plays that we now live from that era that we dont have copies so that samuel pepyt was one who would write about a going to see a play and we dont have copies of them. Shakespeare wouldve been spot on her 50 . So bravo for bringing us the book has stayed shakespeare and bravo to the family and henry folger for putting their for collection in a place where scholars will have access to them. Let me just close by giving you a few shakespeare by the numbers. 900, 235 comment db2, third teen, five. Those are my numbers. Some 900 pages. 235 so far surviving copies. 82 of those are at the Folger Library. So at 82 at the time folger died, that was about half of the worlds known copies were in his collection. So 80 to his collection. The next largest at Mesa University in japan. T 13 copies. The next largest after that is the British Library of five. 82 is extraordinary. Part of the story is about the obsession of collecting, having a willing partner in emily folger was one of his secret weapons. Continuing to collect these books and collection experience on that through their entire career and then i was extremely fortunate beneficiary of being able to use their collection archives to read the book. If you have any questions, and be happy to answer them. [applause] hi, bravo to you. A as an english major who studied in london for a semester, have visited strafford communist shakespeares plays for over 20 years, there is so many things i didnt understand at all until adventure book. Thank you. Most people dont know how. It was not destined to be that these would survive. Again, the idea that one of the quarters of hamlet only survivev in two copies and titus only in one. A very thin thread. This is a fantastic vote. I encourage everyone to read it, even if they are not shakespearean scholars. I have to say, its nice to read about it alone. Appear at Amherst Committee also thought that is is very generous as going to ask because i think its incredibly well structured and balanced in you keep things moving all the time. How did you decide not to start up to perhaps two of the discussion about standard oil and his workfare . It really keeps the focus im folger. Thank you. Listen to him. First youre giving me credit that is not to because i did read a lot about the Standard Oil Company. Its just that it ended up in ae footnote. Theres a very long footnote about Standard Oil Company andta what most people made about the Standard Oil Company comes from a book written by ida tarbell and i wrote essentially a response to that end in part, to give you some context of what was going on in the business world, this is a man cannot imagine steve jobs is a shakespeare collector. Hes one of the wealthiest men in the world. Hes doing this kind of size. I hes running the biggest come to me in the world. But tarbell was not an unbiased journalist. Her father had been put out ofsl business by competition with Standard Oil Company. Nt essentially her father built barrels that oil is transported in an effort to save money and cut its costs, rockefeller hirei his own coopers, but its own forest and made his own barrels and therefore her father doesnt business and hardly an unbiased opinion. Im not an an apologist for standard oil. They did many things later on they were extremely anticonsumer. He but the thing she wrote about primarily with things that were very positive for consumers and very negative for rockefellers competitors. So thank you for the compliment, but all that information has been a footnote still in thehei boat. Thank you. Thank you for your very informative speech. One quick question. Henry the fifth, [inaudible] thats reassuring. Thats my favorite player. The more drawnout question is that the piracy going on back then, which is very surprising to me, but how could we be sure as whove read shakespeares plays, how can we be sure what we are reading is a shakespeare wanted us to see and not to be with someone else conjured up. N im not complaining, but if there was something that would maybe change the interest to see. Sure, the answer is we cannot know. Nt that its not awful . Much ink has been spilled trying to go back to figure out what the original text might look like. Not a word, not align the poetry of existing shakespeares hand. The only thing we know for sure we havent had an is six words. William shakespeare, william shakespeare, william shakespeare. That day. So we dont know. We dont have the manuscript to compare it to to say this is how he wrote it. What we do have is having been conned though that did with him. So from 1597 until he retired in 1611, we know their act together for the same play. So they would have been there to see this is how we did it. I i think that is a compelling argument. A that is reassuring. Thank you. Either question about about the publication. Do want to get closer to the max of people at home. Is wondering i know the first copy published in 1609. I was wondering if that kind of played a role at all in the publication of the first folio or they focus solely on the plays . The publication is an interesting story as well and i touch on it in the millionaire millionaire the millionaire and the bard. So its going to make money from it. He claims not to know how those required by the publisher. I dont think those two are related. Having been conned up what about wanting to memorialize their friend. They are prefatory poems as a few other poets in the beginning of the first folio and that is when they say they want to do this as a memorial. So the sonnets are published again by a pirate with the intent of making money than they had no idea whether they would make money, whether they would sell out, with a five place to read them . Thanks. Hank y y thank you for your talk in for your book. I have a question from the book. That was that the end of the millionaire and the bard, right before the epilogue. It talks about emily and she died a month later on february 21st 1936. She was 77, outlived henry by six years. After her death, she made two final contributions to theth library. The first of the generous enough cash to secure its future is here to read her bequest was very strange. Ghter] [laughter] both she and henry have their ashes interred at the library. So this is a little bit of a spoiler, so if you dont like suspense being destroyed, coverv your ears now. Henry folger died two weeks after breaking ground on the library. So while this case is a book, never saw them again. She however did. So the library was opened and she lived another six years. So she got to enjoy the collection and see in the library and so on and so forth. They have not discussed what they be buried at their library that she had henrik ashes interred in the niece. If you go into the old room, a copy of the effigy of shakespeare from the trinity church, looking over the readers of people in the room and just below that is a niche with their ashes and that. So that was the other bequest. Thank you for asking. How much do you know about having and cant dial, their origin in the company, what roles they might have played. We know a little bit. But they work a little bit backwards. One is there is a memorial to them in the churchyard at st. Marys in london. To my knowledge, it is the only sculpture is a tribute to a book because its got a stone copy of the first folio and the plaque is to honor having been conned c though. They are not completely unknown. There is a little thin book written in the 1960s that we now send thing about what theirs roles were. The woman who does research on was that the area and we know a little bit about that. They act did in the company wita him. The earliest i saw was 1597, so we have a copy of a broadside that list i mean, karbala and shakespeare is acting in a playe together so if you saw shakespeare in love, there is a maxtor has a stuttering chorus in romeo and juliet. I dont know if you remember that, that he comes out. That is high maintenance. So we do know something about what they did. They also again where a shareholders, not just actors, so they would share in the profits of the company. We do know that about them. We know they have lots of children. One had nine and one had six, Something Like that. St. Ma they perish with the mind in a knot is the snow where you live. The church, by the way, this is more than you want to know. The church was destroyed and a then rebuilt and then taking board by board to fulton, missouri at the university of missouri campus. That is where churchill delivered his speech. Much more than you wanted to know. Thank you very much. If you have any other questions, i would be happy to answer them. [applause]