One year after the shooting of Michael Brown in ferguson. A closer look of policing and trust. Ing we will be joined by alfred durham, richmond, virginia upon police chief. Captain harvey powers, Police Training executive. Well be joined by dwight jones, the mayor of richmond. Tomorrow morning on the washington journal. This month marks the 10th anniversary of hurricane katrina. Join us in about an hour for housing and urban Development Secretary julian castro. That will be live at 11 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan 2. Later today with new orleans mayor mitch landrieu. Remarks. Lots of 1 p. M. Eastern on cspan. A daylong symposium evaluating borlands evaluating new orleans. That will be live monday at 10 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan. Congress continues of their summer break with work on the Iran Nuclear Deal continues. Corker focusing on why he is opposed to the nuclear deal with iran. He concludes by saying the thetration has agreement should be one that allows us to maintain leverage and ensure it is enforceable, verifiable and hold iran accountable. This deal leaves the United States vulnerable to a resurgent iran, more able to work its will in the middle east. Congress should reject this deal and send it back to the president. That from the Washington Post today. Toator bob menendez is set announce his position on the nuclear agreement. Announceenendez will how he will vote on the agreement that curtails Irans Nuclear program in exchange for lifting economic sanctions. He is scheduled to speak at seton hall in what his aides are billing a major address on the iran nuclear a demon nuclear agreement. Our coverage of the president ial candidates continues live from the iowa state fair. As the candidates walk the fairgrounds and speak at the des moines registers candidate soapbox. At 11 30. Rco rubio wednesday, republican rick perry will speak at 11 00. On saturday, republican governors Chris Christie at noon and bobby jindal at 1 00. Join the conversation at dmr soapbox. Washington post executive editor marty baron and New York Times washington editor Elizabeth Mueller discuss power and influence perceived by the media. Under two hours. Admit this is a special treat for me today because in addition to being a news junkie, i am a former newspaper reporter and i truly value great journalism. Disruptive of digital communication, it is gratifying to know that we still , fabulousfascinating newspapers like the Washington Post, the wall street journal, the valley news, among others. Honored to introduce our first speaker. Marty baron grew up in miami. Raduating from lehigh since then he has been a newspaperman. He is worth at the miami herald, Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, the boston globe and since 2012, he is the executive editor of the Washington Post. As editor of some of these newspapers, particularly the miami herald and the boston globe and the Washington Post, his team at these newspapers have 110 Pulitzer Prizes for excellence in journalism. Was earlierent one this year when he and his team won the pulitzer for the series on the secret service lapses in protecting the president. A great series of stories. Is a fine journalist. He also has keen interest in art. Altogether, i am very proud to be able to present one of the best newspaper editors in the nation, marty baron. [applause] marty thank you very much for that kind introduction. Im delighted to be able to speak with you all today are you i am please to be able to share the stage with Elisabeth Bumiller. We started our careers together in the late 1970s at the miami herald as reporters. It is wonderful to be with her here today. The subject i want to discuss today is close to my heart, critical to my profession and i believe vital for democracy, Human Dignity and personal liberty. Freedom of expression. The case for freedom of expression was made long ago. Among the most eloquent proponents was john milton and his ideas help set the course for our own principles today. Road, milton wrote, give me the liberty to know, to utter and argue freely according to conscience above all liberties. Today in much of the world that liberty is either nonexistent or in jeopardy. Let me start by telling you about two recent encounters of mine. In january of last year i spoke with a leading figure in the governance of the internet. We talked about surveillance by the National Security agency and taps voraciously into data networks. This is a subject we cover at the Washington Post and for have won a pulitzer prize. I was interested in what this official was hearing as he traveled the world in the aftermath of disclosures that originated with edward snowdon. Leak had revealed some of this nations most sensitive secrets. Much of the reaction to this point had fallen into the category of outrage. Government officials and activists decried the u. S. Governments intrusion into the privacy of citizens of other countries. Foreign governments have tested that even the privacy of residence and Prime Ministers in countries who are our allies had been reached. The nsa had listened in on their conversations. As this internet official traveled asia, outrage was not what he heard. What did he hear . Jealousy. Leaders told him, we have excellent computer scientists, why havent we been able to do this . They aspire to monitor their own citizens as skillfully as the u. S. Government has. That is story number one. Earlier this summer, i was visited in washington by the owners, editors and Legal Counsel of a leading newspaper in ecuador. They sought to bring attention to the ways in which the government of ecuador was strangling the press, dictating what it prints, threatening fines, pressuring outlets in hopes they would become dos ill docile. They were fined 350,000 on the grounds that it failed to satisfy all requirements for publishing a response by the government to one of its stories. A twoyearold Communications Law provides that individuals who feel that it midi or honor has been damaged by a media report have the right to respond. Universo had el published a headline, 1. 7 billion in federal debt impairs Health Care System. The requests went unanswered. When the story was published, it was criticized by ecuadors president , raphael perea. ,e questioned the statistics statistics that came to record from the Health Care System itself. His secretary of communications universo to publish a rebuttal. Headlinet carry a crafted by the secretary that accompanied its rebuttal. The secretary ordered its summary published and ordered its headline published and el universo complied. The headline read the Health Care System will improve more in the coming years. That, the newspaper now had to pay a fine for allegedly noncompliant with the law regarding rebuttals. The fine equivalent of 10 to its average revenue from the previous quarter, 350,000. With each recurrence of a particular event, the fine is doubled. It can continue doubling without limit. The fines and pressure are having what seems to be the intended effect. Into this and 14, four media in 2014, 4 Media Outlets closed. In short, in ecuador, the press will either apple to the government or the government will either buckle to the government the government will break it. The stories i have told show something about Free Expression. It can be threatened from many directions and that is what is happening. Not long ago the world hoped for better. We seemed to be entering a new era of Free Expression on by social media, the internet and smart phones. Some concluded communications would flourish in a way previously unimaginable and that thernments would be denied tight control that kept them in power. This idea took root during the arab spring which began at the tail end of 2010 with the tunisian revolution and spread through the arab world. With protests against the regime of hosni mubarak, the world modern marveled at the impact of social media. How it might overcome depression. Repression. Truth moves faster than lies and propaganda become flammable wrote paul mason in 2011. He said, not only is the network or powerful than the hierarchy but the Ad Hoc Network has become easier to form. In a book entitled democracys fourth wave. Howard noted social ia alone did not Information Technologies altered the capacity of citizens and Civil Society actors to affect domestic politics. To be fair, hopefulness came with caution. The authors of those commentaries recognized the technology also gave governments the opportunity to monitor citizens and ultimately extinguish their voices and movements. Cup or howard noted a cardcarrying regimes have come services too. How democracy act activists were using developing strategies that allow them to entrap protesters. Just the other week in the Washington Post the published a series. Reporters documented how the security establishments of the arab world exploit sophisticated Surveillance Technology to suppress dissent. Egypt is implementing a social Network Security hazard monitoring project that allows for Trend Analysis from facebook, twitter, instagram, and other sites. A minimum of 30 analyst will monitor data according to a request for proposals linked to the egyptian media. This, who will prevail in a competition that is deploying technology as tools and weapons . Will it be activists and ordinary citizens who aim to outwit autocratic governments or will it be the governments which possessed the capacity to monitor communications as never before . In the new digital age, eric schmidt leans toward optimism. Authoritarian governments will find their newly connected populations more difficult to control, repress and influence while democratic states will be forced to include more voices, individuals, organizations, and companies in their affairs. And yet, they noted, how often terry and governments how often authoritarian governments will have powers of their own. Have an enormous amount of power over the mechanics of the internet in their own countries because states have power over the physical instrument physical in the structure connectivity requires. Switches, they control the entry, exit and waypoints for internet data. They can limit content, control hardware people are allowed to use and even create separate internets. Regimes may compromise the vices. Efore they are sold protect their most private information, objects of suspicion. Authoritarian governments can apply a norm is pressure. Schmidt and colin noted states will be able to set up raids to certain peoples devices for encryption. Everyone who is known to have downloaded circumvention measure will certainly find life more difficult. They raise the prospect that countries will create their own domain name systems. No government has achieved an alternative system, they write, but if a government succeeded in doing so it would effectively unplug its population from the Global Internet and instead offer only a closed national intranet. Already blocked filter information. Turkey has blocked thousands of sites and its Prime Minister once ordered twitter shutdown. Intube has been blocked pakistan and the government has demanded hundreds of times that facebook remove content. Company unitas, a that exists to support Free Expression, government attempts to censor the internet are seen as falling into three categories. What they call service side censorship. This often consists of service not inconvenient voices offline. Censorship on the wire. This consists of national firewalls that block access to undesirable content. This can also include state leveraging control of domain name systems and Internet Service providers to try to hide content. Client side censorship. Malware attacks to monitor independent journalists and activists. This is becoming a popular technique for national governments. At the core of the battle over the internet is a philosophical and legal dispute over hugh has dominion over over who has dominion over the internet. Year, a visiting law professor at ucla laid out the issue in the georgetown journal. Competing visions of cyberspace , russiarged, she wrote and china advocate a sovereignty based model of cyber governments that prioritizes state control of the United States, United Kingdom and allies argue that cyberspace should be governed by states alone. In the early days of the internet, its creators should not be governed by states alone. In the early days, its creators, advocates, protectors in many internetued that the had superseded governments. The internet belonged only to users, they insisted, and governments had no role. Barlow, john perry cofounder of the electronic freedom foundation, issued a socalled declaration of the injured of the independence of cyberspace. Governments of the industrial world, he claimed, you giants of flesh and steel, i come from cyberspace, the new home of mine and on behalf of the future i ask you of the past leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather. Withision collided inconvenient physical facts. This was noted by legal academics, Jack Goldsmith and timothy woo. They took on the notion of the internet as a place of its own. The internet relies on fairly mundane things. Wrote,ath it all, they copper wires, fiberoptic cables and routers and switches that direct information from place to place. The fact is, governments do regulate the internet and we are now faced with the question of how far they will go in asserting control. Should the internet be regarded like other domains that fall outside National Boundaries . High seas . Outerspace and antarctica . Should the internet be regarded as a global comments Global Commons . Or instead, should it be viewed like every nations airspace . That would put the internet under each nations total control. In the absence of consensus, some countries are not waiting for one. Russia and china are the leaders in treating the internet more as an intranet, and internal system that is theirs to rule. That is emblematic of what has become of Free Expression in those countries. If there was once the spark of freedom and there was at least that, it is now being snuffed out. Russians get their information from statecontrolled broadcasters, disseminating propaganda, conspiracy, jingoism, in ways big and small. Shoot down of the malaysian airliner in ukraine, intelligence pointed to rubble troops as the source of the missile. In russian media, alternative explanations. Each one more farfetched than the next. Russian media claimed the ukrainians shot down the plane. They claimed the cia provided help. They asserted that the plane might have been mistaken for Vladimir Putins making it a target. They claimed bodies on the ground were planted. At the time, the editor and chief of russia 24 said, as a state tv, our mission is to support the interests of the state. Official opinions are determinative for our programs, for our channel. State control and manipulation of television stations and in newspapers is one thing, but the internet and russia have long been largely uncensored. That is the longer the case. Early last year, russian authorities were given the power to block websites without official explanation. Almost immediately, four opposition websites are blocked. By the summer of last year, speech on the internet was constrained further. Rules required anyone with a daily online audience of more than 3000 people to register with russias internet oversight agency. Names and Contact Details were to be provided and bloggers will be held liable for misinformation. Including comments from members of the public. Last year a required russian users be stored onsite data from russian users would be stored at way russia would have easy access to information about usage of services. As anssian government arsenal of laws it can use against people speaking freely. Numerals created additional risk. Bloggers were likely to muzzle themselves for fear of prosecution. Any of the rules are considered confusing, but ambiguity is often a weapon in the hands of government and that is the case in russia today. , vladimirpacker wrote putin has been masterful at creating an atmosphere in which there are no clear rules so that intellectuals stifle themselves in order to not run afoul of vague laws. Until this point, i have only talked about official suppression of free speech. The threats are more menacing than that. Nonstate actors can be a greater danger. Two images last year cannot be forgotten. He images of james foley, executed by the state. The risk that journalists now face in telling the world what they see. This year, terrorists slaughtered staffers at Charlie Hebdo in reaction to caricatures of mohammed. There is what happens behind walls. Now of the Washington Post correspondent in tehran, held in irans worst is an suffering physically and worst prison, suffering physically and emotionally. Endure a sham trial where the basic principles of due process clearly do not matter. These are the publicized incidents. The co