practice. >> so what did you learn? you went to ukraine. you've been to the part of the eastern ukraine that is sort of occupy bid the russians. what did you learn about what they're doing? >> first, we saw a number of tactics we've never seen before. we're seeing the systematic and customized targeting of disinformation on messaging platforms. it's very clear to me that the new front for disinformation is platforms where the barrier of entry is a phone number. it's much more believable if somebody is in your contacts list, you get information from them, you're much more likely to believe it. we're seeing the manipulation of audio and spoofing of phone calls. we're seeing manufactured revenge, manufactured hacking of e-mails that get dumped onto the public domain. we're seeing a growing ecosystem of illicit merchants who are selling these capabilities on