we're using ivf more successfully. in vitro fertilization. more surgical techniques are successful. in addition, initially about a decade or two ago women were getting pregnant later. now they're still getting pregnant later but not as much as they were. they're starting a little bit earlier. maybe they've been warned a little. with men the incidence is about 9% of infertility. that's the same as it was two decades ago. people out there have to remember, it's not always the woman. 40% of the time the male is the cause of infertility. is their sperm working properly? is it at the right speed? is there enough of it? sperm function is very important for fertility. >> can i ask you a question about what dr. samadi is saying? smoking and alcohol. say you go through college and you're a big smoker and drinker. you stop. you get married. you want to get pregnant. can you reverse any damage that's done? >> absolutely. are you can definitely -- i don't want to say reverse damage that's done. damage may not have been done. if you improve your lisfestyle,