From a 2020 paper in the Quarterly Journal of Economics by Raj Chetty on college admissions to Ivy League colleges (plus Stanford, MIT, Chicago, Duke). It features Chetty’s usual immense sample sizes from theoretically secret data sources (IRS, Census, testing agencies, etc.) that nobody had the chutzpah before to think that they could data mine: Chetty et al write: The impacts of income-neutral allocations at the most selective colleges differ from those in the broader population. At Ivy-Plus colleges, the fraction of students from the bottom quintile remains essentially unchanged under income-neutral allocations in absolute terms (rising from 3.8% to 4.4%), but the fraction of students from the middle class (the second, third, and fourth income quintiles) rises sharply, from 27.8% to 37.9%, as shown in Table VI. Figure V, Panel A shows why we see the biggest effects on the representation of the middle class by plotting the parental income distribution of high SAT/ACT (≥1300) scorers alongside the parental income distribution of actual Ivy-Plus enrollees. Children from the bottom-quintile are represented at nearly the same rate as one would expect given their test scores; children from the middle class are underrepresented at these colleges; and those from the top quintile are overrepresented.