the american model was more limited, not only in its application to judicial and executive officials, but its grounds. the framers rejected a proposal to add maladministration because madison objected that so vague a term would be equivalent to a tenure during the pleasure of the senate. in the end, various standards that had been used in the past were rejected, corruption, attaining office by improper means, betraying the trust of a foreign, to a foreign power, negligence, perfity, speculation and oppression. perfity are lying and self dealing are particularly relevant to our current controversy. my testimony explores the impeachment cases of nixon, johnson and checkpoint. the closest of these three cases is to the 1868 impeachment of andrew johnson. it is not a model or an association that this committee should relish. in that case, a group of