>> it's remarkable to everyone including everyone in finland. they can't quite believe it year after year. one thing that they have done that's very clear and is very unusual around the world is in the late 1960s they shut down their teacher training colleges which were like ours of highly variable selectivity and quality and they reopened them in the top eight most elite universities in the land as part of a broader reform of higher education. when they did that, it setoff a series of cascading consequences that i don't even know that they realized. one thing that happened is the obvious. you eventually have teachers who themselves have advantage of a very strong education which makes it easier to teach higher order thinking skills. >> correct me if i'm wrong, they draw teachers from the top ten or 20% of the graduating class. we draw teachers from bottom third. the. >> yes. thank you.