,f someone is lower wage someone elses higher profit. So people who use immigrants benefit dramatically. Tyson Neil Degrasse tyson answers questions about the universe in their book welcome to the universe, and tour. Physical to her we calculate how you might go about finding exit when its oplanets. D be ex you are after whether he can harbor life. Go to book tv. Org for the complete schedule. This weekend in American History tv on cspan3, tonight, a little after 7 00 eastern, Kings College london visiting professor Andrew Roberts discusses the role of u. S. Army chief of staff general George C Marshall in americas world war ii victories. Arguing the general skills as a strategist transformed the u. S. Army. Withis pennsylvanian impeccable manners was astonishingly calm considering the pressures on him. America,00 on reel the 1921 film honoring the unknown soldier of world war i. It was tremendous. The streets of washington were lined with thousands of folks who waited for the casket to be removed and brought by the honor guard down pennsylvania avenue and then across the bridge. Into virginia. I have read it was one of the largest turnouts of any parade in the city. Sunday evening at 6 00 p. M. Eastern on american artifacts. A beautiful building, from the moment it opened it was already too small for what was about to face. About. 5ed to handle Million People year, it ended up handling in 1907 alone, 1,200,000 people. We learn about the immigrant experience and just before 9 00, in 1916, resident Woodrow Wilson nominated boston lawyer Louis Brandeis to the United StatesSupreme Court did becoming the nations to sit on the high court. Income commemoration of the 100th anniversary of his aboutration, they talk the justices life, career, and legacy. Brandeis is trying to do here is limit the court to a very specific role. One that is defined by the constitutional network in which all government operates. And which limits or should limit any one branch from exercising powers beyond its prescribed movements. For the complete schedule, go to cspan. Org. Discussion of School Segregation through history and today. This Event Features awardwinning investigator ,ournalist Nikole Hannahjones who writes about racial segregation in the United States and how it is maintained through official action and policies. From the columbia Journalism School, this is about one hour 15 minutes. Ms. Hannahjones good evening, everyone. Welcome students, faculty, and guess. To those of you who dont know good evening, everyone. Welcome, students, faculty, and guests. For those of you dont know me yet, i am the dean. One reason this is special theght is because this is first Public Performance of our new delacorte professor. The delacorte lectures are tradition here, aimed to let students into whats happening in the magazine industry and in magazine journalism. They are run by the Delacorte Center for magazines established here the Journalism School in 1984 by the magazine publisher George Delacorte and was supported by his wife valerie. And with her, the new York Community trust. Thege delacorte founded publishing empire and was a beloved and rather eccentric character. He contributed to some of the architectural wonders you see on campus and has also famously donated the statue in central park. We are grateful to the delacortes for their support of journalism education in our robust magazine program. And now, i would like to dessen, before joining us here, keith was the Founding Editor of m plus one, an influential magazine of culture and politics. If you have not read this, you should. Go to the web right now and check it out. Keith is also a contributor to the new yorker. He is editor of three nonfiction books and the translator or cotranslator from russian for a collection of short stories, a book of poems, and the words of oral history. He is an author of a novel and he is also writing anyone. I had over this evening to keith and i will have him introduce our guest for tonight, Nikole Hannahjones. [applause] prof. Dessen thank you, sheila, for that wonderful introduction. Thank you all for coming. Im really excited and honored to have Nikole Hannahjones of the New York Times magazine here is our first delacorte speaker of the year. Nikole began her career newspapers and works at the news and observer in raleighdurham. Working on the education beat. She moved to portland all the way across the country to work at the oregonian. There she focused on housing discrimination. Ms. Hannahjones for part of the time. Prof. Dessen then she moved to new york to start at propublic seriese she published a of incredibly important and moving and highly recommended pieces about the resegregation of americas cities and schools. , thatst segregation anyone who is not blind is aware of, but the actual active, continuing process of resegregation of our cities and educational system. Was hired away by the New York Times magazine, where she is continuing her work. There are two reasons im happy we are having this conversation. Think because this is supposed to be a magazine , the workcture series that nicole has been doing is incredibly complex and incredible difficult to get ones arms around it. I do think the fact that she has been working at a place like and working with places like New York Times magazine, those have given her the space to do this kind of work. It was hard to do in newspapers. Ms. Hannahjones very hard. Prof. Dessen the other reason is unfortunately, this is an incredibly relevant story right difficult, the most interesting, and significant has done wasikole about ferguson in the wake of Michael Brown shooting. At thehe went and looked school of Michael Brown attended and the history of that school in segregated st. Louis. It seems to me like resegregation is a story that is kind of underneath an undergirding a lot of the news stories were seeing all the time in the United States right now. Please welcome Nikole Hannahjones. [applause] prof. Dessen the outline of the evening is im going to ask westerns and then about 6 50, we will have questions from the audience and then about 7 15, we will be done. Just byould start telling us a little about how you got started and why you decided to become a journalist. Whether you found Journalism School you attended useful, and how did you get your first job . Ms. Hannahjones thank you for coming out tonight, im happy to forere and i come to campus various events. I appreciate you coming out to listen to me talk. Journalist i grew up in iowa, lets get that out there. There are black people in iowa. We are mostly related, we know almost everyone. There were enough of us that we still had it great of segregation. Well all lived on one side of town and i started my education in segregated schools. From an early age, i was very curious about why the black neighborhood i lived in was one way and across the river, white people seems to be living a very different life. I was always a skeptical person, even as a child, which also got in trouble as a child, but has proven to be a good life skill. I was on his very curious, started reading a lot and i was always very enchanted with history, because history helps whenin the world to me and i was and probably fit for sixthgrade, i service of striving to Time Magazine and wrote my first letter to the editor when i was in middle school. I was a bit of a nerd, im ok with that now. School, i to high took this black studies class. I was bust as part of a voluntary desegregation program, and i went to a has will that was about 20 black. Our high school offered a one semester black studies course and i took that class was complaining to the teacher, my only black male teacher that i think i ever had, that our High School Paper never wrote about kids like us. He told me that if i didnt like it, i should join the paper or be quiet. I took it as a challenge and joined the paper. I have a column called from the african perspective. Kids and myt black classmates and what our experiences were like. Awardmy first journalism from the Iowa High School press association and was kind of looked after that. Hooked after that. My only applied to win college, university of notre dame, which did not offer journalism. They offered history, which i loved. I wasnt sure if i was going to be an historian or a journalist. Ultimately decided that journalists write history as its happening and journalists write for the masses. Historians write for other historians. I really want to write about people like me, the write about it in real time. ,o i went to Journalism School the royal carolina blue, not like this columbia blue. I was at the university of North Carolina in chapel hill and it went to grad school. It was a twoyear program and i loved it. It was great great it had a program for people who wanted to be academics and people like myself who wanted to be professionals but didnt have a journalism background. Got morend of where i and. Where i am. Prof. Dessen how did you get your first job . Ms. Hannahjones my first job was in raleigh, about 30 minutes from chapel hill. In my very job fair first job fair, i had to know internships and i came there was some class papers to wilson, who was managing editor at the observer at the time and he very kindly told me dont ever come to a job fair with class papers again. We need to go get some clips. I took his advice and came back the next year with clips and he hired me as an intern. Me as graduated, he hired a reporter. I first job was as a Public Schools reporter in the city of durham, which was half black, half white, pretty liberal college town, thats where duke is and since i went to carolina, i hate duke. [laughter] prof. Dessen ms. Hannahjones i started covering Public Schools at the height of no child left behind and the rise of highstakes testing. The belief that if we test and hold segregated high poverty schools to a high level of accountability that suddenly we would get results like white schools. This is where i started my journalism career. Very early on i was looking at the results, the verge of getting results of School Reform that was leaving kids in segregated high poverty schools, which is what really got me interested in the subject. Prof. Dessen were the stories you are writing about segregation and testing . Were you able to get that into the newspaper . What were the kind of folks you ks you had to hoo use . Ms. Hannahjones i had a great editor. Durham was a town where every story was about race. The city council is half black, half white, the school board was half white, half black and had a black mayor. Race was kind of at the forefront of all the politics in that town. The whole premise of no child left behind was were going to count every student and look at the race of every student and weird not going to leave black and brown kids behind. No child left behind was based on race. It was very easy to pitch stories looking at what were the ramifications of this highstakes testing and for those of you theres a lot of young folks, i dont know how much you know about a child left behind, but these high poverty segregated schools would not be able to meet the same standards as white schools and then schools would be taken over and they would implement all of these reforms that would never work. It was very easy for me to pitch stories about race because the entire federal educational bureaucracy was looking at race at that time. Were the stories like this is not working . Its june in test scores are bad . What were the daily stories you could write . I was spendings a lot of times in those schools that were failing and talking to and really spending time in heavily white schools, even though was a majority black district, it had very little poverty. And just fundamentally spending time in those classrooms and understanding there was no way you were going to get the same result out of those two schools. It wasnt a matter of parents not wanting education for their children or kids not trying, or teachers and principals not trying, but when you have a school where 20 of kids are poor and youre the school where 99 of kids are poor, to expect those kids are going to do the same, with the same resources its not even as a poor schools were getting inordinately more resources. Allarted really looking at of the things that reformers were saying would work, and then asking why are they working why arent they working . This is the era of cost and experience with black schools. Were going to replace all the staff, replace the principles, divide them into small schools. Were going to turn them in the special ed schools, we will try to do a magnet. Every few years, these kids were being experimented on, but the test results were always the same. Thats when we begin to question can you accomplish Educational Equity within segregated schools. You just cannot find a school that was able to do it. You can find Elementary Schools that might turn around for your two and then the scores would slide down. Never found a middle school was able to turn around and you never found a high school. Every educator, when they were on the record, when they were being honest, would say what were being asked to do was impossible. When nine of 10 kids are coming in here hungry, they are already behind when they are coming into the classroom. A teacher, if you can imagine, as a teacher when you have four kids who are behind in a class of 25, thats one thing. Have 21 kids who are behind in a class of 25, and you are being asked to do the same thing with those same resources, you are just not going to get the same results. The system was set up to fail, it fail like make politically, it was ok to say we are going to hold poor schools accountable because white parents in these towns, just like white parents and all most every town didnt really want integration or to do the thing that was necessary to give these kids the same education. Prof. Dessen you said at this point you realized the one thing that would work, integration, is the one thing that people refused to do. Ms. Hannahjones it was a process. I was an older reporter, i was like the oldest intern at the observer. I was 27 years old and interning. Theres a new journalist, news education, just learning about education coverage. It wasnt necessarily what i sought out to cover as a journalist. I didnt know what i wanted to cover, i just knew i wanted to write about race. So i was learning a lot, but because it didnt already have preconceived notions about what would work and what should work in education, i could just look at all the things they were doing in test that out and say where are the results . Isres the school that segregated and poor that consistently performing on par with you the other schools. You just can find those results. Also love research. I read a lot. I read a lot of history and sociology. Every study that comes out in this area, i was reading. It is really starting to formulate in my mind this picture where if we could do it, someone would have done it. Place cant ever show a that did it, maybe we should stop pretending this thing is working. Everyone knew it wasnt going to work, but it was the most politically expedient thing. I feel like the great story that you derived that is the story of resegregation. When did you start feeling like that was what you were seeing . Mean, thereones i are two stories. I grew up in the north and is not really resegregation in the north. Its just continuous segregation. It really wasnt until i move down south that i experienced living in the south has been the most integrated part of the country in terms of housing and schools for the last 45 years. So the story of resegregation is really a seven story. The northern story is the story of a willful blindness to the continuous ongoing segregation that has always been here. At much higher levels than we see the last 50 years. Started n i really i find annoying people who write about race but always write about it as if these inequalities just flow down from the sky, as if they are all a the only the past and important work that we value is who is the racist of the week and who can we show who said something verifiably racist . Or we write about studies that say black people are doing badly here, theyre living in these conditions. Which isnt news to anyone. We know that. Why, like,nderstand what is causing this . Why neighborhoods still segregated 50 years after we passed the second housing act . The Fair Housing Act . Black andry measure, latino students are getting the least qualified teachers, less likely to get access to academic courses that would get you into an institutions like columbia, systemically across the country. I want to understand why that was. So thats really my work began to focus on looking at the particular actions that we had taken in the past, but also, that people are taking right now they maintain segregation and racial inequality. With schools, resegregation was a way to do that, because if the place had been segregated and then it was integrated, you could go back to that point where it starts three segregating. Re someone had to do something. I started looking at School District that have been ordered by a federal court to integrate. They lay out certain things that as a School District, you must do. You hav