Creole affair, the slave rebellion that led the u. S. And Great Britain to war, but arthur downey. He has been an officer, and a diplomat and former staff member of the National Security council. For a dozen years he taught International Law at georgetown university. His first book was published. His current book the creole affair was published last year. He is in the stages to complete his book deal that will be published in september. Please join me in welcoming him to the national archives. [applause] good afternoon. For most of us, American History begins with the American Revolution and the drafting of the restitution and perhaps make a brief stop at though war of 1812. Then we rush onto the civil war. As a result, that period imagery in between is a black hole. In that black hole there took place in rebellion that led the u. S. And british to the brink of another war. I want to tell you this interesting story. On october 25, 1841, the creole left the dog in richmond, virginia, with tobacco supplies and crew and others. A captain was in charge. He brought his wife and fouryearold daughter and 15 yearold niece with him. He had a crew of 8 and three guests who got free passage to new orleans in exchange for being guards. The creole still down the river to the atlantic ocean. In addition to tobacco and supplies, the creole also carried human cargo. It had 135 slaves on board. They were in the forward cold at night and one third of the slaves who were female were in another hold. The cook for the slaves with the young slaves whose name was madison washington, remember that name because we will see him again. On the creole was about 200 november 7, miles northeast of miami. It was nighttime. The ship basically stop. It was dark with one lantern in the front. All of a sudden madison washington jumped out of the whole. Another slave jumps with him. One of the guards tried to stop him. Other slaves stabbed him more than 20 times and virtually decapitated him and through him overboard. They then went after the captain, stabbed him repeatedly and almost left him for dead. The slaves came back to the captains quarters, opened up all of their trunks and got dressed up and ate and broke into the brandy cabinet and drink and had a wonderful time. Madison washington ordered a crew to sell to liberia. One of the guards said that he used to be a mate and you had to navigate. He said cut you cannot get to liberia from here. It you dont have enough food or water. In exchange for my life, i could navigate us to the bahamas to nassau. Madison washington said ok, that is fine. On november 9, the creole entered the mouth of the channel in nassau about a mile from the city itself. A bahamian pilot came on board to pilot the ship into the harbor. He looked around and told the slaves, we have no slave labor here. You guys are free. On the north side of the harbor hog island. Atlantist today as resort. It is a huge development. It wasnt then in the harbor master came for a routine inspection. The first mate jumped on board. He said take me in to the city. I have got to see the american counselor officer. Because we just had murders on board our ship. You could imagine the emotions that crackled within everybody. Those 19 slaves who had led the revolt certainly had earned their freedom and they must have felt especially satisfied. They were worried the british might jail them or worse return them to the u. S. The passengers and crew were terrified, but hoped that their nightmare was nearly over. Freeze that picture in your mind. Lets step back. Look at the United States at that time. Lets look at u. S. And british relationships. Lets look at what the bahamas was like that. First, the u. S. It was a lot smaller than it was today. 26 stars on the american flag. The u. S. Population was at about 17 million, including more than 2 million slaves. About half the size of Great Britain at the time. The economy in the 1830s who people and goods all over the country. The best example was when Andrew Jackson came to be sworn in as president. He came on a horsedrawn carriage in tennessee. In 1837 after his presidency when he returned to tennessee, he returned on a train pulled by a steam engine. Then as so often happens as we know these days, the classic boom and bust cycle kicked in. We had what was called the panic of it was a great recession. 1837. Banks failed. States defaulted on their loans. It was required for congress to pass our first bankruptcy laws. It was a terrible time. A young lawyer in springfield, illinois i just got admitted to the bar and found out his practice was dominated by collection cases. That was abraham lincoln. Politically by 1820, a Division Within the u. S. Was no longer the state against small state. Rather it was free state against slave state. Missouri compromise of 1820 had free states and slave states by a admitting the names of the free states and slave states. The revolt in 1831 and the abolition of slavery deeply worried the southernists. In the north there was great agitation to move on. It was found in 1833. United states and the u. K. Band the International Slave trade from africa here in 1808. This created a massive distribution of slaves within the u. S. They moved from the upper southeast delaware, maryland, virginia down to the new best lands in the southwest to mississippi alabama. Louisiana. Richmond of a slave in was determined by the price of the slaves in new orleans. Typically the slaves in delaware, maryland, virginia, etc. Were sold in the fall after the harvest and they percent they were sent around to new orleans so they would arrive in new orleans in the spring in time to work the planting. It is no accident then that the thirdlargest city in the u. S. Was new orleans after new york and baltimore. Lets talk about the president s the. Martin van buren was president. He had a great resume. He was off to a good start. The economy is stupid. And the great panic of 1837 continued. It was a horrible time to be president. They selected a war hero from ohio as its president ial nominee William Henry harrison famous for winning a battle. He was a southerner to balance the ticket. They had john tyler. The election of 1840 was a first modern political campaign. Political slogans were used for the first time. Van buren was the democrat from new york. Ok clubs were formed. That is how the term okay came into our national vocabulary. Harrison won a huge majority in the Electoral College and became president. Resident harrison had six cabinet members against 15 cabinet members today. The Senior Member was Daniel Webster and secretary of state. The greatest warrior at the time. He had argued 170 cases before the Supreme Court. A record never equaled since then. He had served in the house and the senate. He and henry clay founded the whig party. The secretary of states and has own son down to the plantation in virginia to announce that he was now the resident. However, there was uncertainty about john tylers status. Was he acting president . Did he have full powers . It had never happened before. A president had never died in office. He began to be viewed with suspicion by whigs in congress. They thought over the National Bank legislation. In midseptember, 1841, on a saturday, five whig cabinet members walked into the white house and each one of them resigned. Daniel webster state. Tyler wanted him to stay because he needed webster to help him with battles with the weeks in congress. Phobe. Was an anglo fo he know that webster was an anglophile. The great financial house dominated european and american finances for years. Daniel webster was the American Lawyer for them. In congress at that time, pressure was building and building. The democrats controlled the house and adopted what was called the gag rule. Automatic tabling of any petition that relates to slavery in any way. The leader against the gag rule was John Quincy Adams, former president of the United States. He fought against the gag rule. It was still in place in 18411842. In 1839 african slaves violently revolted on a spanish slave trip off of cuba. You all know the amistad movie, the spielberg movie. Those freed slaves ended up in the u. S. The Supreme Court had to decide the fate of those slaves. The case was argued in february, 1841. John quincy adams, the former president and now house member, argued the case for the slaves. It was his fifth and last appearance before the Supreme Court. In the movie, Anthony Hopkins played John Quincy Adams. In march thats the gag rule. Im sorry. I should have showed you that. In march 1841, the opinion of the court freed the slaves. It was a 71 opinion. The amistad case did not involve the u. S. The slaves were freed before they came to the u. S. It was a spanish ship, etc. It was important for us in this discussion. It focused National Attention on slavery and the mutinous revolt on the slave ship like with what happened with the creole. Lets talk about britishu. S. Relationships. Great britain was the superpower of the world. For example, Great Britain had 100 ships. The United States had 15. Great britain had colonies in canada, australia, new zealand. They had Trading Centers in hong kong and singapore. The falkins became a colony. In 1839, the british invaded afghanistan. They came with more than 20,000 troops. They had 30,000 camels to carry their supplies, including 300 cases of wine for the officers. But the english were defeated. It was the jihad against the british. They were massacred as they retreated from kabul in january of 1842. This is important. The u. S. Saw the United Kingdom as the center of evil. Fostering abolition. Trying to cut cotton prices by having a relationship with that independent texas come a great cotton producer. The south thought they want to destroy the american economy. Remember the war of 1812. It was only a generation away when a british admiral burned washington and every household in america remembered it. Look at your license plates. War of 1812. There were four specific problems in the u. S. British relationships. First in 1837 there was a rebellion in canada. Some americans went north to help the rebels. At the end of 1837, british militia crossed the niagara and burned the american merchant ship the caroline, and pushed her over the niagara falls. Americans called for war against Great Britain. How could they do this to us . The british said, selfdefense. You americans crossed the line and came up. We are ok doing that. The second problem was three years later. A Deputy Sheriff from canada was named the cloud was passing through new york state and stupidly he starts bragging about his role in burning the caroline and pushing it over the falls. Not surprisingly, new york state authorities arrested mcleod and tried him for murder. The british said he has no personal responsibility. He was part of our militia. He was involved, but you cannot go after him personally when it is a british activity. He was following orders. If mcleod is found guilty, there will be war. And of story. Fortunately in october a month before the creole entered at nassau, a jury in new york said mcleod was not guilty. Phew. But nerves were still tense. The third problem related to the canadian border, there was a compromise in 1820. The main border with canada was never fully defined. There were skirmishes. Other states passed resolutions. It was sort of a ballroom brawl. The last major problem related to the naval presence off the closed of africa. Both the british and the americans had naval patrols off the coast of africa to interdict. To interdict illegal slavery. The british freely boarded american ships to see if they were really american or pirates who just raised an american flag. For american to fight in the war of 1812, this was a serious problem. There are also lots of new faces between the two countries with respect to the two countries in 1841. In the u k, there was a new Prime Minister and the new foreign secretary. In the u. S. , we had the third american president. A new secretary of state. A new ambassador for Great Britain. Later became president of harvard university. He much later gave that great two hour address just before lincoln gave his gettysburg address. Everyone was new on both sides of the aisle. There were no personal relationships to smooth over the rough patches and to ease relationships. On the other hand, everything was new and right for a reset. Just before the creole sales from richmond heading south to the atlantic, a 29yearold Charles Dickens who is the most popular writer in the english world, wrote to his publisher is set i think an early 1842, i think i will visit the United States. Lets look briefly the british bahamas. When the british navy caught illegal slave ships after the banning of the International Slave trade, they would bring them to the nearest british port and free africans who had captured the slaves. Many of those were brought to the bahamas in nassau. Those free africans once they stepped on british soil retained their african languages, culture, religion. They lived in ethnic groups largely from africa. Etc. In 1834, britain gradually abolished slavery the most of their colonies, including the bahamas. By 1838, all of the slaves in the bahamas were freed. Putting all of this together, when the creole entered the harbor, your perfect storm. You had severe u. S. British tensions. You had a new president of uncertain status. Accidentcy. Him your congress was all twisted with the gag rule and anything related to slavery was a tough sell. In nassau, huge percentage of the population were recently freed african and local slaves. Lets go back to november 9, 1841 in nassau. The first mate ran to the u. S. Counselor officer. John bacon. Reported what happened on the ship. Murder. Slaves rebelled. Sliced his head off. Bacon went to see the general of the bahamas. Sir francis was a Young British Army captain who had fought against the u. S. In canada during the war of 1812. It was his older brother admiral sir george who would authorize the burning of the white house in 1814. Needless to say, he did not have affection for the United States. The u. S. Council asked them to prevent the slaves from getting on shore. They are american property. Take the 19 murderers in them in jail until the deal with them. The governor was noncommittal. He set a regiment of west indian soldiers and two magistrates on board the creole. Pretty soon the soldiers took the 19 off and put them in jail. There came a huge flotilla of many boats surrounded the creole. They vanished. All 135 slaves except five left to stand board. He was counselor the officer demanded the return of 19 slaves, but all the other slaves had vanished. On november 19, the creole sailed without it slaves to new orleans and without the captain who severely injured. He had to stay in nassau for a while. Grosvenor coburn sought help. It took a little while. At the end of january, the 19 slaves charged with murder could be charged with murder. But since they are not british and your ship is in british and the murder didnt take place in british waters, they cant be tried in a british court. The u. S. Could try these guys come up at the u. S. Has no extradition treaty with Great Britain. We cannot turn them over. The british freed the slaves who were held in jail and they vanished. Melted into bahamian society. Creole arrived in new orleans on november 2. Needless to say, the city was in virtual flames over this. The louisiana senator demanded war against Great Britain. For taking all of this american property and so on. The South Carolina senator said this is the most outrageous action. We must go to war against Great Britain. In congress, John Quincy Adams wrote a petition that war with britain over the creole would be unjust. A petition to censor quincy adams was filed to but failed. A young congressman from ohio, joshua giddings, joshua. He proposed a resolution dealing with the creole issue. Very clever. He has a long resolution. There is no federal slavery. You could hit them saying, good for you. It is a state matter. State rights. But when a ship leaves a state and goes into International Waters of the atlantic for example, the persons on board are no longer subject to slave laws of that state. When the creole left virginia, virginia had no more jurisdiction over those slaves and the persons on board were simply returned to their natural rights. He was very clever. He was making an attack using the creole as an example. The biggest thing in slavery was moving this mass redistribution of slaves from the upper south around to the southwest. He was going after that. It is a short fuse for everybody. The next day, the house of representatives voted overwhelmingly for money to censor john. He got out of his desk at the house floor and walked down to John Quincy Adams desk, shook his hand, and left the house. He said goodbye formally to the speaker, etc. He went back to ohio. Within weeks, he was overwhelmingly reelected and came back to congress. [laughter] quite a story. In may, word reached washington that the british had freed those murderous slaves from jail and the south went berserk. I mentioned Charles Dickens. He visited the u. S. He landed in boston. This was a rock star at the time. H