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Boris Johnson avoided the humiliation of outright defeat but rebels racked up big numbers in the secret ballot, raising fears that the Tories will be torn to pieces by a civil war.
Here is how recent leaders of the Conservative Party have fared in votes of confidence or challenges to their position.
Boris Johnson is not the first leader to face poll of party MPs, a situation that has often led to their downfall
Tory MPs have triggered a confidence vote in Boris Johnson's leadership. But how does it actually work?
Win or lose, history suggests that a Tory Prime Minister is doomed when they face a confidence vote from their own MPs