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The Tonga Volcanic Eruption Was So Powerful It Sent Ripples Out Into Space


The ongoing volcanic eruption in Tonga began in December 2021, but it wasn t until 5:15 pm local time on January 15, 2022, that the powerful explosion occurred. ....

Yukon Territory , United Kingdom , International Space Station , Low Frequency Array , Richard Fallows ,

"Improving our understanding of atmospheric mercury and bromine over th" by Neil Page

Of the reactive halogens, those containing reactive bromine are of particular scientific interest as they play a key role in the chemistry and oxidising capacity of the polar troposphere (Simpson et al., 2015). In early spring, bromine molecules (as Br2) are rapidly released from the sea ice via heterogenous reactions on sea salt surfaces, both in the sea ice itself and on blowing snow (Simpson et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2018; Peterson et al., 2019). This rapid bromine release can initiate a chemical reaction, known as a bromine explosion, which oxidises gaseous elemental mercury, resulting in the subsequent deposition of toxic water-soluble mercury into the polar environment (Prados-Roman et al., 2018). However, reactive bromine and mercury measurements in coastal Antarctica are mostly limited to a handful of short-term campaigns, limiting current understanding of the sources and drivers controlling variability. To further investigate these processes, observations of bromine monoxide ....

Aurora Australis , Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy , Sea Ice ,