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Evaluation of clinical prediction models (part 3): calculating the sample size required for an external validation study

An external validation study evaluates the performance of a prediction model in new data, but many of these studies are too small to provide reliable answers. In the third article of their series on model evaluation, Riley and colleagues describe how to calculate the sample size required for external validation studies, and propose to avoid rules of thumb by tailoring calculations to the model and setting at hand.

External validation studies evaluate the performance of one or more prediction models (eg, developed previously using statistical, machine learning, or artificial intelligence approaches) in a different dataset to that used in the model development process.1 2 3 Part 2 in our series describes how to undertake a high quality external validation study,4 including the need to estimate model performance measures such as calibration (agreement between observed and predicted values), discrimination (separation between predicted values in those with and without an outcome eve ....

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Evaluation of clinical prediction models (part 2): how to undertake an external validation study

External validation studies are an important but often neglected part of prediction model research. In this article, the second in a series on model evaluation, Riley and colleagues explain what an external validation study entails and describe the key steps involved, from establishing a high quality dataset to evaluating a model’s predictive performance and clinical usefulness.

A clinical prediction model is used to calculate predictions for an individual conditional on their characteristics. Such predictions might be of a continuous value (eg, blood pressure, fat mass) or the probability of a particular event occurring (eg, disease recurrence), and are often in the context of a particular time point (eg, probability of disease recurrence within the next 12 months). Clinical prediction models are traditionally based on a regression equation but are increasingly derived using artificial intelligence or machine learning methods (eg, random forests, neural networks). Regardless ....

United Kingdom , Lucinda Archer , Lauraj Bonnett , Glenp Martin , Paula Dhiman , Richardd Riley , Kym Ie Snell , Garys Collins , University Of Birmingham , Duke Clinical Research Institute , Cancer Research United Kingdom , Better Methods Research , Health Improvement Network , Research Council , Sciences Research Council , United Kingdom Department Of Health , Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre , University Hospitals Birmingham , National Institute For Health , Clinical Practice Research Datalink , Care Research , Transparent Reporting , Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis , United Kingdom Biobank , Risk Of Bias , Participant Selection ,