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Pakistan’s recent economic history shows why it has been so difficult to service the external debt and why this will continue to be a challenge in the future. First, external debt has not been used to expand public investment for many years now; instead, it has largely supported government consumption. Second, the ability to service the debt has been weakened by poor export performance. And while maintaining external balance has been helped by the growth of remittances, this very growth has also generated pressure on the exchange rate to appreciate, thereby undermining the incentive to expor...

As an important part of the national economy, the marine economy will be subject to various internal and external disturbances in the process of development. Different regions will show different resilience. Based on four dimensions of "resistance-recovery-reorientation-renewal", this paper measures the marine economic resilience of the four provinces covered within the China’s Southern Marine Economic Circle from 2008-2018 by establishing an evaluation index system. The results show that: 1) The overall resilience of economic in Southern Marine Economic Circle showed a fluctuating...

The construction industry is experiencing poor profit margins and falling orders, and there is a dire need to improve its productivity. Research in the journal Buildings takes a look at modular building as a means of reducing emissions and increasing productivity, using South Korea as a case study.

Credit: World Scientific The progress of civilization is dependent on the effective use of energy and its transformation; from the sources of energy to how it can be applied to solve the needs of the citizens of this planet. The rules for the effective transformation and application of energy to these needs are actually very few: The three Laws of Thermodynamics (there's even a Zeroth Law for the very strict academics among us!). The correct application of these Laws should not be restricted to only professional engineers but extended to the practical engineer in all of us. This practical tex...