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In this article, Astro Pak describes how testing passivity and the passivation processes can help assess the quality of a metal's surface condition.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become an indispensable characterization technique for analyzing the surface chemistry of thin films and coatings. With its ability to probe just the top few nanometers and reveal elemental composition, chemical bonding, and electronic structure, XPS provides unparalleled insights into how surface and interface properties determine film performance.

X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, otherwise known as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), is a powerful spectroscopic technique for measuring the binding energies of core electrons.

This article looks at corrosion investigations of pharmaceutical clean steam systems.

Photoelectron spectroscopy involves the detection of the kinetic energies of photoelectrons emitted following an ionization event. If it is assumed that the emitted photoelectrons do not undergo any collisional event post-ionization, the kinetic energy of the detected electron should be equal to the binding energy of the orbital it was ejected from.