Voting rights, voting rights, in U.S. history and politics, a set of legal and constitutional protections designed to ensure the opportunity to vote in local, state, and federal elections for the vast majority of adult citizens. The right to vote is an essential element of democracy in any country, and the proportion of adult citizens who exercise that right in free, fair, and frequent elections is one measure of how democratic a country is. For much of U.S. history, the right to vote was restricted or denied, in law or in fact, to the poor, to nonwhites—particularly African Americans—and...