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Deepest mining shaft sunk and other notable moments in 1927

A free prospecting course was very popular, with those looking to strike gold

United-kingdom , Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Germany , France , British , German , Canadian , French , Harry-kee , George-lee

Deepest mining shaft sunk and other notable moments in 1927

Deepest mining shaft sunk and other notable moments in 1927
saultthisweek.com - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from saultthisweek.com Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.

United-kingdom , Germany , Canada , France , Toronto , Ontario , French , German , Canadian , British , Balmer-neilly , George-lee

Deepest mining shaft sunk and other notable moments in 1927

Deepest mining shaft sunk and other notable moments in 1927
elliotlakestandard.ca - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from elliotlakestandard.ca Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.

Toronto , Ontario , Canada , France , United-kingdom , Germany , British , German , Canadian , French , Harry-kee , Karen-bachmann

How igneous rocks form

Igneous rocks, born from the fiery heart of our planet, crystallize from molten magma.

Wiki-commons , Karla-panchuk , Steven-earle , R-weller-cochise-college , Two-types , Igneous-rocks , Slow-cooling-process , Rapid-surface-cooling ,

Study by NTU and TUMCREATE identifies potential for geothermal energy to become a key renewable resource in Singapore

Scientists from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) and TUMCREATE, in collaboration with Surbana Jurong, have found that Singa....

Singapore , Sembawang , Singapore-general- , Munich , Bayern , Germany , Simpang , A-graham-leslie , Alessandro-romagnoli , Thomas-jh-dodd , Jian-wei , Timothyi-kearsey

Tres Hermanas Mountains, Luna Co., New Mexico, USA

Tres Hermanas Mountains, Luna Co., New Mexico, USA
mindat.org - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from mindat.org Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.

Pennsylvania , United-states , Cincinnati , Ohio , Mississippi , Mississippian , Pennsylvanian , Sedimentary-rocks , Tres-hermanas-mountains , Lake-valley , North-sister

Researchers baffled by mysterious melting of Earth's crust beneath western North America

The melting of Earth's crust beneath a vast expanse of western North America is baffling researchers due to its unusual location inland. Crustal melting, which plays an important role in the [...]

Mexico , Arizona , United-states , University-of-wyoming , Wyoming , Montana , Nevada , United-kingdom , Idaho , Colorado , California , Canada

Scientists Examine Strange 'Melting' of Earth's Crust in North America

Scientists Examine Strange 'Melting' of Earth's Crust in North America
natureworldnews.com - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from natureworldnews.com Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.

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BBC Radio Cornwall-20191210-010000

Night following reports of a fight a man's been arrested on suspicion of murder and studies finds that grandmother killer whales a boost the survival chances of their grandchildren Researchers say the rates are even higher at the grandmother's already gone through the metal poles and a festive themed buying C's appeared in Birmingham the artwork features a homeless man on a bench being pulled by 2 reindeer painted on a brick wall Shabnam has a sport Arsenal were a goal down for an hour at West Ham when they suddenly sprung to life unschooled 3 times in 9 minutes to win a 31 it's a 1st victory in 3 Premier League games in the interim manager Freddie Ljungberg and ends a run of 9 games without a win in all competitions Abbots in a considering Shanghai boss Vito Pereira as the permanent replacement for the Sox Marco Silva the club moved out of the relegation zone after a $31.00 win over Chelsea in the can take a Boston concert the head of the u.s. Anti Doping Agency has criticised a water for only giving Russia a 4 year ban from major sporting events but what is president's a Craig really is defended the length of the punishment saying they also needed to protect Russia's clean athletes who will be able to compete and are a neutral flag if they can prove their untainted by the doping scandal and in golf Rory McILROY has ruled out competing in next month's European Tour event in Saudi Arabia despite being offered a large appearance fee he said 100 percent there's a morality to it on that decision to miss the sound international this is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live all digital b.b.c. Sounds small streak. In the weather forecast and dry and chilly night for most but rain is expected for parts of the Northwest later on the day had will be windy with rain pushing east across most of the u.k. Highs of the 14 in Edinburgh and 12 in London available now on b.b.c. Sounds. It's time to put another cast from the world of music under the spotlight by gases from heating to Travis musical thinkers the art form simplicity is actually. The point is it works what makes the hairs if I'm stuck on the furniture would be able to break a 100 records by. Never assume the Ice Palace. Whatever else we can say about the drawing to a close. Just from the u.n. World Meteorological Association. That make this the warmest decade since record keeping began in the mid 19th century in the past 5 years since 2015 the hottest on record temperature of 38.7 degrees south. Of the Cambridge but tonic garden was taken in the u.k. Was warming like this come floods and a promising new technique being tried out in Scotland suggest are substantial and sudden flooding flash flooding might be for a cost in the future. Well as we've been hearing 2 British women are among the 30 people injured by a volcanic eruption on quite a island off the coast of New Zealand 5 people are believed to be dead and another 8 are unaccounted for this is what Stuart Coburn from the local ambulance service told reporters earlier majority injuries blastoff injuries. A number of us prices were critical. For cawed very intensive care at the hospital and then with transported a number of patients to the hospitals and he still was believed the other victims were from a strain of the United States China and Malaysia and this is what the Prime Minister Scott Morrison said it has been a very difficult day I have been speaking with Prime Minister returned and the news we feed would be very difficult and it is proving to be sorrow. Is to die there with 24 stridency enjoying a wonderful cruise. In New Zealand taking in those sots together enjoying life a peaceful time of the 24 strides we've been awful to as a tiny I've annoyed and this morning that 13 of those strident hospitalized across multiple hospitals in New Zealand. There are 11 astride that are still unaccounted for. And that we fear of the 5 a deceased persons that 3 of those up to 3. Are strides but that is not yet confirmed Well that was Scott Morrison joining us now from Radio New Zealand as Colin Peacock a local and. Well very hard day for everybody it's been almost exactly 24 hours since the volcano erupted. The Sachin rescue proceeding. Well fairly slowly as we heard yesterday even some hours after the eruption in the 1st arrival back of people who'd been rescued from the island and the distribution of victims to hospitals around the North Island were some frustration that the police were saying the island was still too dangerous to talk so can pass too hot for police and rescue us to visit so darkness fell some 7 or 8 hours later and no one had been able to go to the island today the police were able to get vessels close to there to launch drones and helicopters and other aircraft to have a look we believe at least one or 2 police officers here and search and rescue people have been able to see it for and have a look around but that the message that's been coming back is the same as it was yesterday late yesterday before it got completely dark and that was no signs of life at all so we're kind of stuck with those casualties figures and then people now trying to make sure that the survivors and the victims have the best chance in the hospitals where they've been distributed amongst them Boone's units around the country to make sure they get the best care where where the survivors actually taken from how much do we need nor know about what happened. Well there are 2 groups travel by boat on one of the main 2 a companies who apparently offer operate 3 boats so one boat load had been up in. The one the 1st group of tourists were the ones that were captured on the webcam writing on the island as being very close to the cry to like when the eruption happened the 1st group in fact had already completed their tour and were down at the boat ramp so they were the ones who were able to rescue a few people bring them back and then make a return journey some helicopter pilots from the volcanic air service in the way spec rescue helicopter that's the one that does a lot of the medical evacuations to and from hospitals they sprang into action and were able to risk you some people as well so the 1st boat that came in yesterday was apparently came in quite quite sedately and the evacuation was orderly The 2nd one with I think the badly injured people arrived at pace in covered in ash so that was obviously more more dramatic So at the moment they've distributed the victims among hospital from little more and all cleaned for the down to the Heart Hospital which is close to the south of the North Island quite a distance away to make sure that they get the best of care and albeit Boone's units in the specialist treatment that's available there. And how did they actually proceed with it was it a huge eruption at the beginning or did it build up. No it was a said to be spared and almost instantaneous it was described by the specialist as a throat clearing outburst from from the mountain So initially they experts said this is likely to be followed by a period of query since so they weren't initially worried about about repeat or eruptions or intensification of it but since then they've analyzed some of the data and they do say there's a $5050.00 chance that the g.n.a.s. a Vulcan all a jackal service a $5050.00 chance of a few of the eruption within 24 hours though whether that's a strong as the one we saw yesterday or not we don't know and in fact the experts have been a pains to stress that this wasn't a large eruption on the scale of things an effect on their $1.00 to $5.00 scale they rated at a 4 with 5 being the top and the ash fall pretty much confined to over the island itself and the surrounding sea and it's about 48 to 50 kilometers to the nearest point on shore and although they initially issued warnings to people to stay away from the shore and be aware of of ash fall since it look at that seems to be contained over the island itself. But the questions now being asked about absolute is an activity over recent weeks and specifically on the 18th of November where the alert was raised from one to 2 and one of the 2 accompanies bacon June appointed extra tour guides to operate his kind of forward scouts that would seen them out before taking the tour groups out just to look for signs of anything or any extra activity at the crater lake So questions are now being asked about whether really given an upsurge of volcanic activity the tourist should have been going on at all and all this the prime minister says will be looked at in time and a full inquiry. And are there other volcanoes where we know it's on the Ring of Fire column but other other volcanoes that are as active as this one while there are and they haven't been any major eruptions that have activated the National Emergency Management System but just as recently as 996 Mt were Pay Who which is a major tourist location one of 3 of those big volcanic cones in the central North Island not too far away from the Bay of Plenty where White Island are situated off the shore there was a serious eruption back in 1906 some people were injured there and after that they had to build new channels to take lava and what they called the flows off the mountain and make sure they went away from safety in the ski fields on the same tour of populations there so it's certainly as you say on the ring of fire it's an ever present danger the serious major eruptions though a so rare that I guess it was considered safe risky or. An acceptable risk to run tourism to White Island so all that's going to be looked at in this inquiry and just to keep people on their toes there's been a $5.00 earthquake just south of gears been which again not too far away on the East Cape of north of the North Island about $22.00 and a half hours ago now the experts a genius say that it's not related but it certainly hasn't done anything to soothe the nudes of people in that part of the country. Many many thanks. What we heard call and say there that the level was raised in the middle of November and we can hear more about how these things are managed from Dr Janine Krypto Who's of all can all just on the line from Washington hello Dr Crippen are. Hello how you very good now you you've obviously studied some of New Zealand's volcanoes Come on said that the level was raised in the middle of November what would have been the reason for that yes sir genius uses a different technology is a fine to think method to actually study the volcanoes and look for changes and activity. One or more stores are showing an increase in activity they're paying more attention and being a little can be RINGBACK raised in the case that the activity is above normal levels so that's what happened here so and in this case that they raised they raise the alert level this is not like some talons which for weeks before. Being studied does that back in 1980 and in the state of Washington was being studied as a place where there was quite likely going to be a major volcanic eruption. Correct this is very very different with Mt St Helens there was a lot of. Information telling the vulcanologist at the time that magma was making its way towards the surface and that's not the case yet this was a very different father options much much smaller. Very very different the warning signs are different and. Just are just part of. Different scenarios this is much smaller the activity would be much lower. Under some. Good still I mean it shot up in the 12000 feet and you know cause catastrophic injuries to the people who were on the rim of the volcano. This is where it gets you know it just and then just doesn't it because you say well how come your way are climbing up the rim of the volcano when the thing erupted but but this isn't it's not restricted to New Zealand you know people going for a good close look at a volcano Oh absolutely not and you know it doesn't take us a corruption to be catastrophic and you can have lodger options but don't impact people so it really depends on what people are and are infrastructure and the way and when what health products of the option go but we live around Ok is all around the world there are over 800000000 people living within 100 kilometers of O'Kane is around the world there are a lot of benefit is tourism as we see here the agriculture there beautiful places to live off of resources so there are many many positives the bulking are but every now and again we get surprised by abruption like the more options that happen and the impacts that just heartbreaking. Yes Would there have been any warning in the the half an hour before the eruption to place with been any rumblings writing of that sort. I don't know what genius I'm sure will be analyzing everything very very closely but that'll be a question for them what they've had a chance to look back and in in a case like that it's perfectly well I wouldn't say normal but it's it's understood that a volcano can just go off but it doesn't have to make any kind of initial shuddering or anything yet we had a rupture that I'd driven by magma rising to the Center for a lot more one on. A rupture curve and by being in that building crusher under a volcano. At the magma pushing its way through the rock and releasing grasses and causing some of the lookout for any had seen driven eruptions that appreciation be quietly building until it breaks reaches a breaking point. And would this volcano have been a well studied recession literary genius and research is the New Zealand have done a great job working on the cocaine or understanding it and monitoring it and this goes to show us that even with the baseline and and the well wanted a volcano that surprises do still happen. Well Dr Janine Crippen thank you very much for talking to us thank you well you may have heard the term supermassive black holes. New findings seem to say that super massive black holes in space may not be as massive as when I once thought a group of astronomers think that the way we measure them is wrong. That they could be more powerful Well let's find out what Professor Condra who is an astronomer mit the Massachusetts Institute of Technology can tell us Hello Professor Carol hi right thanks for having me on the show good good to have you with us. Supermassive black holes mean what distinguishes a super massive black hole the way that people think about it conventionally That's right yes so they're kind of 2 classes of black holes as we know of them in the universe there are what we call stellar mass black holes these are the black the the small black holes that that are produced through a supernova explosion when a massive star explodes and collapses into a black hole just to do its own the strong gravity of this you know the massive previously massive star and that produces a black hole that's maybe $10.00 to $20.00 times the mass of the sun something around that order of magnitude but then on the other side of the spectrum there are these huge black holes that we call super massive black holes that said as a center is of most if not all galaxies and they range in mass from around a 1000000 times the mass of the sun to a 1000000000 or even $10000000000.00 times the mass of the sun that's a huge difference of scale listen to the mean even if you're just doing zeros or to the power of it it's a big big difference Absolutely yeah it's a it's a huge question in astrophysics right now how do you grow a super massive black hole in the 1st place if the only way that we really know how to make a black hole is through this supernova explosion and the collapse of a massive star how do you go from something that's 10 times the mass of the sun to 10000000000 times the mass of the sun and we don't really understand the details behind that and then the other question is why don't we see any intermediate masses between that that those 2 huge ranges these are big low pressures. Why isn't there a current of middle sized barriers were. When you you talked about them being the center of every almost every galaxy have we got one of the middle of Argo except. We do it's called Sagittarius a star and it's because it's close you know when he looked towards the Constellation and said to Terry if that's the towards the center of our galaxy and that black hole is 4000000 times the mass of the sun for moving. And they have a different I mean because they're so strong they have different characteristics to regular black holes. Actually what's interesting is that the stellar mass black holes behave in in very similar ways to the super massive black holes and in that sometimes we see them. Feeding on a lot of material and like in the case of a super massive black hole that's hot gas from the surrounding galaxy and in the case of a stellar mass black hole sometimes you see stellar mass black holes that get into a binary system with a normal star like our sun and it can pull off to real from that star over time but what's interesting is that in both of these cases the stellar mass black hole with you know binary system and the super massive black hole in sitting at the center of a galaxy they both have form what we call accretion disks of material that's kind of swirling towards the center of the black hole and and they behave in actually very similar ways surprisingly similar ways just on on extremely different size scales let me ask about this new way of measuring or winning a super massive black hole can you explain it in layman's terms. Yeah so this is one this is a problem or something that's very challenging for astronomers is to to measure the mass of a black hole now the mass of of the black hole at the center of our galaxy Sagittarius a star is actually very very well measured because we have telescopes because because that black hole is just so close to us. And we can actually resolve the trajectories of individual stars near the center of our galaxy and we can map out how they're moving around. Some you know dark object and because we can map out the trajectory and the velocity of those stars then we can infer what the mass of our black hole at the center of our galaxy is and it gets a little bit harder when you talk about the super massive black holes that other galaxies because it's they're too far away you can't resolve the trajectories of individual stars but we use the bulk motions of stars at the centers of galaxies to kind of try and in for the masses the central black hole. It's like looking at a footprint to try to figure out what size of a passion made the group Exactly yeah so will this mean that the size of these super massive black holes is revised downwards is that something that you're now seeing So one of the interesting things that this. That this paper is is taking on is you know the the. The best ways that we have for measuring the masses of black holes is when those black holes have lots of material. Accreting on to the black hole when when there's lots of material getting close to the black hole then we have the best chance of measuring the mass of that black hole but most black holes in the universe don't have a lot of material accreting on to them about 90 percent of the black holes that we see don't have a lot of that material and so it's harder to measure the masses of those galaxies. And what this paper is suggesting is that they've they've. Proposed a new technique for measuring the masses of these. What we call quiescent galaxies this 90 percent of galaxies of black holes that don't have a lot of material around them and what their study suggests is that those that you know from this new analysis is that the that the super massive black hole holes are are less massive than than what we previously thought I would say though that when we study individual black holes and these ones that have lots of material around them and they it's isn't look like there's anything necessarily wrong with how we've been measuring black holes in the past but this new technique is is trying to go beyond looking at individual black hole masses and is trying to say something about the population of all super massive black holes regardless of whether or not they're you know feeding on a lot of material Well I think you very much for you know making such a great effort to make it make sense to us we really appreciate it thank you for having me on the show thank you. But I. Sales of what are variously called for by force or sports utility vehicles now outnumber electric vehicle sales a rate of $37.00 to $1.00 the government's u.k. Energy Research Center says that this is threatening attempts to reduce carbon emissions in fact S.U.V.s accounted for 21 percent of new car sales last year in the u.k. Professor Gillian Anabelle is from the center behind the research hello So here is I beg pardon here is Professor Gillian Annabelle. Well there's quite a few reasons why this is happening and it's quite easy to sort of blame the consumers though it's sort of bad bad taste in and not caring about the planet but in actual fact the choice of these vehicles on the market is huge it's been rising the way in which they've been marketed has been really quite aggressive most manufacturers have been found to only spend about 4 percent of their advertising revenue on showing us the electric vehicle a we have a card and an environment so a lot of people think they need a car b. These cars are very attractive see the finance deals are offered actually don't really disclose the benefits of getting a less energy intensive vehicle they don't show you the running costs they really just showing you the monthly repayments they're wrapping up the government taxing those prepayments the annual circulation tax so people aren't getting the carbon signals so what we've been doing is really focusing on the uptake of electric vehicles and really focusing on you know what proportion the market are we up to and for pure battery electric vehicles that's the one percent of car sales at the moment so it's tiny and we've kind of. Turned our face away from the other end of the market where this phenomenon is happening of this uptake of large vehicles so we set these targets for electric vehicles what we need to do is to phase out the the larger and the more gas guzzling and and in the meantime where is selling millions of these vehicles that are going to be on the road to the next 10 to 15 years whilst we're talking about climate emergency where the transport sector is the only sector way missions are still rising so where you know completely inconsistent with what we're doing. And we need to get the prices right so that across the transport system we have a situation where it's not beneficial to jump to jump in the car but because we haven't been increasing our fuel tax and duties and so on on cars we need to get the prices right to shift mobility across the board. And that was Professor Julian audible speaking airily or today to the b.b.c. And it's half past 1. On digital b.b.c. So it's slushy and Venus is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live. With the b.b.c. News on 5 Live I'm tired of the prime minister of New Zealand just send our darn says there are no signs of life on the island where a volcano erupted during a visit by tourists from a cruise ship to British women are among the injured 5 people are known to have died the 2 main ek parties will focus on what they see as vote winning issues in the final days of election campaigning Johnson will say that only a majority Conservative government come Pryke that breaks it deadlock Labor will focus on its immediate plans for the n.h.s. My girlfriend says he'll spoil his vote on Thursday his brags a party aren't standing in his constituency and he says he can't stomach voting for the conservatives and a 3rd of hospitals in England put up car parking charges last year Arlie charges vary between 4 points and 1.41 hour Chapman has a sports Arsenal were called also for the 1st hour of them Premier League match against West Ham as they trailed one nil but suddenly something clicks out of nowhere. The national approach was in the box action in Tunisia was they were cheap which was 3 goals and 9 minutes and Freddie Ljungberg was left punching the air after his 1st win as interim manager the 31 victory was Austin's 1st in 10 matches in all competitions players have belief that I've been trying to move the ball we started to be more tempo was there start to get tired and. Amazingly 'd the source of the 4 was amazing to see I'm so so proud of Everton have Shanghai coach Vito prayer a high on their list of candidates to replace the sacked Marco Silva The club is still looking for a permanent boss despite cancer manager Duncan Ferguson's flying starts with their $31.00 win over Chelsea when Antonio to go returns to Chelsea's going for their final Champions League game against Leeds a night he's been out since September defender for care to Morey misses the game with a slight hip strain Lupul are away to Salzburg going to be live on 5 life want a President said Craig Reedie has defended their decision to impose only a 4 year ban on Russia from all major sporting events he's faced criticism from Travis Tygart the chief executive of the u.s. Anti-Doping Agency and says the decision not to impose a blanket ban on Russian athletes even under a neutral flag is a devastating blow to clean athletes Well here are the views of alli Jowett a member of the u.k. Anti-doping athlete commission and triple Olympic medalist Kelly Sotherton what messages are sent out to the future generation that actually states have been doping is actually true to softly up him today with no blanket ban I think if I'm either they've been they've been soft publicly you have to be the top eventually because there are. 4 of I think on the right. And despite the ban the promoters of the Russian Grand Prix said they're confident the race will go ahead next year is to say place in such on the 27th of September Rory McILROY turned down a large appearance fee to compete in next month's European Tour events in Saudi Arabia saying he just doesn't want to go it follows Tiger Woods' decision not to play in the events and rugby union wants to Captain Joyce Sexton had a scan on a knee injury this ruled to fly home for out of Saturday's Champions Cup game at home to Northampton Saints Cronan will be called on for the match and on various John Higgins and Graeme Dott were among the 1st around when. At the Scottish Open sneak in class that's the latest from b.b.c. Sport. What a year he sucks me to Christmas already would be busy one for the 1st trip they call the midwife with. Pretty sings me to my mother's helper this is a drama on Albert Square someone must've been suspended in a single coming into the business that's the fun with Michael McIntyre. To. Some extent they kept him in states a cooking. People hiding Christmas from p.v.c. One this is b.b.c. Radio 5 available on the b.b.c. Sounds. Great with rock shop right well I'm like River in coastal floods flash floods are difficult to predict we often don't know where and when and indeed what impact they're going to have and as a climate changes in the u.k. Experience is more intense storms the issue working out where flash floods will hit becomes increasingly important and Scotland there's a well established warning system for river and coastal floods but less so for Safra swatter to address this the Scottish Environment Protection Agency is working on its flood forecasting service what makes it a flash flood anyway I've been hearing from Dr Christopher right I beg your pardon Dr Christopher white senior like her in water and advice mental engineering at the University of Strathclyde So flash flooding and names but this particular case we're talking about surface water flooding is when. You have an intense very heavy rainfall event to have. A very nice catchment So a 6 tenth's or child and rain. Very fast very heavy on roads pavements car parks and simply rainfall as it falls he has nowhere to go other than to those hard surfaces and that can be 2 very quick very very sudden flash flooding the sort of like service like we saw in Sheffield the beginning of November kept people in the boat who shopping center there was surface water. Flooding simply. The simplest way rainfall causing a very sudden burst of floods right just water has got nowhere to go and as you said where the natural drainage has been sealed off by concrete That's right. This country we like many times we have a legacy of very urbanized centers where the idea of. Drainage for rain forests is simply where it goes into our Susan and friends down to relisten to see those because we expand our hard areas of roads. Getting to expand therefore there's nowhere for that water to go and it's a problem that. 'd with better forecasting hopefully we're trying to trying to alleviate that another more than there used to be. It's a difficult question to answer that one. In the 2 halves to that one if the question is more is there more rainfall to lead to the sort of events the climate scientists saying that there has been and is there likely to be an increase in those very intense very localized rainfall events these type of flood events but you also have to couple it with a. The increase of of our towns and cities in our expansion. Using our countryside and the green space for town center so it's a it's a 2 sided coin there are little bits. To to try to increase. The size of the right rear but we're building more and therefore the rate isn't going away the way it used to are the very difficult to predict. Yes they are of all the flood events is perhaps the most difficult and just to be clear when the other cause a further Ventre River flood events a high river flows over overtopping the banks or coastal flooding the sort of flood of its surface water out of it caused by rainfall a so hard to predict because not only have you got to predict where 'd that very intense very extreme rainfall is going to fall but also then what is going to happen to that rainfall want is full and so you're mixing meteorology weather forecasting with hydrology. So. That science of water and water movement across. Through drainage. Because there's a bit of so localized pinpoint in them with any accuracy to say there's a likelihood of a of an event in that place in the city center at that time. It has always been choice the tricky thing to it of course. Now what about the system in Scotland the Scottish Environment Protection Agency is developing is it a particularly interesting forecasting model. So we see Perth back in 2014 for the Commonwealth Games did a trial of a model system where. The calm of games we could all call this exactly this type of events surface surface water fun event. That still is is cutting edge that we study. Was to look at that and other examples of those those sorts of tools the sort of products I suppose just see is that still cutting edge is that still. The way forward and after the show that a startup very well because it's the Scottish. Capability in the spaces is that is really the leading edge of this kind of science. This isn't over yet or an operational product it was designed written for the Commonwealth Games like I said but because in intention is to is to look into this type of forecasting more as is the rest of the u.k. As well. And start to show us where it sits and where the future of this lies. And that was Dr Christopher quite stressed Clyde university well looking on the papers there's absolutely no doubt the picture of the commands all the front pages are nearly all the front pages is the picture of the volcano in New Zealand erupting in the great column of ash and smoke and steam filling the air but when you get down to the substance of many of the headlines there are of a that headlines The Daily Telegraph reporting that the Conservative Party is fearing that the chances of Jeremy carbon winning have been seriously underestimated the Says the telegraph line it reports a party memo saying that tactical voting in just 12 seats could move Mr Johnson from dining street express and the mail are quoting Mr Johnston as saying he might axe the b.b.c. License the t.v. License and the The Times. And The Guardian The Guardian has a 2nd lead on the volcano the times leading on it and the Metro and the Daily Mirror and The Guardian are all leading on the boy on the hospital floor we're going to take a look though at the Financial Times with French Goodman. Well for us the big story out of the markets on Monday was the plunge in share prices in a company called Tullow Oil which is been very popular with investors the recent years decades even date their shares lost 70 percent after it had to say that it was causing its production outlook because it's got some of its. Merits some of its forecasting wrong and this is led to the departure of its chief executives as well as its head of exploration and then I own my own son a bit dry but if I give you some context on this is a company it's a well 1st off that 70 percent drop in share price was. Market Value down 1400000000 pounds so that tells you have take the hit was but if you go back a bit and you can see that in its heyday or as. You know in the better years so that was back in 2012 the company was worth 14500000000 and after Monday's time on in stock more will plunge and in its share price way it was down to 562000000 so that those figures just give you a sense of the scale of what's been happening here tele oil. Favorite as I said by a lot of you came Vestas because it was something called the unknown is the frontin markets of the oil industry sort of going out into areas where some of the majors can't don't want to go maybe they're just a bit Tunisia to marginal or too risky did a lot of businesses been doing a lot of business in Africa and is one of the companies that rode the boom in oil prices for quite a while but as we know there's been a sort of more difficult period for the industry in recent years and you've seen sort of challenges coming incidents such as the rise of the shale oil industry. In the u.s. Which is not helped the likes of ton of oil and basically the. They've had to sort of take a sort of hard look at themselves and say that they. Reckon that their production will be almost a 3rd lower than it had forecast at the start of this year it's 2019 and that's always a quite a material hit and it's also had to suspend its dividend and as I said earlier just say goodbye to its chief executive and the head of x. Exploration so that's in city terms all in quite a big story. They prime minister the national health service. Well it won't come on says a fall of over the photo of a 4 I think it's proved Monday did not prove a great day for the prime minister over this one issue which was very. Big in the Senate in some of the print media but then gathered the sheet storm and in social media and within some of. The game further it was accelerated if you like by this awkward interview the prime minister gave to. The news and where he seemed to almost sort of not want to confront the visual evidence of this 4 year old child Jack would have meant by. Who for want of the bed and then it up being laid down on a pile of coats in a lead leads hospital with an oxygen mask and think he was. Evidently suffering was being treated for a suspected pneumonia and it was just the prime minister's reaction. Was it was certainly very ill judged lots of speculation on. Social media and from all the usual sources as to why people saying that you know he's been his team is so desperate for him to sort of stay on message is they need to use the terminology and not to sort of you know go off script and reacted to individual instance well if that is if that is for a moment true than that that this is sort of would prove the wrong advice in this case. Now it's always difficult to judge how this might play out in the election campaign I mean the rule of thumb always was. The n.h.s. Is generally seem to be an issue where Labor do better on and that the voters trust Labor more than the Conservative Party on that we know that the Tories will be making a lot of. Effort to to supreme over themselves as as guardians of the n.h.s. And promise of investment famously lots of new hospitals the prime minister said he believes the event he wins on Thursday I mean it's still difficult to judge at the end of the day how much does this play out at the ballot box the conservatives quickly dispatch the health secretary. Up to Leeds hospital where he sort of sort contain the around express his sympathy and the good quote It's a little emotional reaction to to the plight of that child. But as I said you know we don't it's always a bit unclear how do you sort of point sort of sudden sort of flashes in in media attention on one particular issue or apparent gaffe or slip up by a senior politician in this case the prime minister. You know does that will that really change voting habits recall that Gordon Brown had an incident in the 202010 election campaign where he did sort of call saying on. The microphone some rude remarks about a woman and they're going to well that's him done for but later was judged not to have really moved things that much. At that was Fred's to them and financial ties with difficult to exaggerate the role played in Pakistan by the army so when a court intervened over a proposed extension to the tenure of the present chief General budge. It caused a problem know who is going to lead the Pakistani army I've been talking to Ronnie Singh. It's a very important decision Raj The Who is the army chief in Pakistan the current person or the person who's in between jobs shall we say is general come in. He's had 3 years in post and the question that the Pakistani government is getting in a bit of a stew about is does he get 3 more years now it's important in Pakistan because in that country for half of its history there has been military rule notorious generals were general 0 and General Pervaiz Musharraf and Pakistan's different to western countries Western democracies in that the army chief in in Western countries doesn't usually get involved in politics but in Pakistan it's different the army actually sets defense policy and with ability volatility in the region recently you know there's been tension with India over Kashmir this particular Jedward general has been quite hawkish and a vocal critic of India's actions now because of the tensions and the volatility in the region Pakistan's government decided in Orcus that he should stay on for another 3 years and he was due to finish his term on 28th of November and start his new term at midnight that day meanwhile somebody filed a petition to the c.p. Supreme Court questioning the legality of an extension of 3 years so the Supreme Court. Couple of days before the deadline was due for expiry of and renewal of the army team's tenure said hang on Pakistan government we want to know the legal reasons by which you are extending this at this term for the army chief because there's nothing in the Constitution that specified about the army chiefs term so sort yourselves out you've got 6 months to do this now an author who writes a lot about the Pakistan military is should know was he's a distinguished fellow at the South Asia Center in Washington d.c. If a constitutional amendment is required the new 2 thirds majority would be needed and the government would have to cobble together a massive goal Lucian of opposition parties in order to achieve its goal this is created jitters and change the par balance within the alliance of civil in the military in Pakistan that was dominated by the military and now the par seems to be shifting for the next 6 months 2 words the courts as well as Parliament . Cynosure sanely are things quite unstable within Pakistan itself as far as the army chief is concerned the economy is not in good shape and internationally you know relations with. The us are unstable to the west of Pakistan and there's the there's of Coniston which has had elections recently so that nobody knows what's going to happen there and to the east you've got India with whom there are tensions and over in the far corner you've got President China saying that General Badger as a longtime friend of China said internationally it matters and so what role what what role General Bargewell plays in the near future in Pakistan is going to be something that we're all watching very carefully is this anything to do with the prime ministers who do their. Well it's Imran Khan's government and. Over the past 3 years he has had seem to have had more shall we say a less aggressive and. More of a sort of how do we say amicable relationship with the military than his predecessor Sharif had said they're all sorts of rumors about who is controlling who but that's not for me to say and what happens over the next few months is going to be very interesting and for for Pakistan watchers but also very very important for Imran Khan. That's a few months since we started talking about the religious corridor that was opened between India and Pakistan through a live one special group of pilgrims through and there's some rather interesting about. There isn't the follow on story it was the Sikh temple over in Pakistan that was renovated and opened for the birth anniversary of the founder of the Sikh faith when all these thousands of Indian Sikh pill pilgrims came across and now in the Pakistani province of Sindh there's a little village called Jeanette where reportedly there are no Sikhs living atoll but this Sikh temple here in Juneau has been reopened and renovated with a grant from the local part Pakistani politician for the birth anniversary of the founder of the Sikh faith and the people who've been doing this other local Muslim and Hindu community who have a reverence and a respect for this particular Sikh guru the founder and the Hindus have been decorating and renovating it and when you go into a Sikh temple you always get a free vegetarian meal with a does that tastes a little bit like semolina say the Muslim community prepared that meal and served it to to the locals now a veteran journalist who is from this area is more along and I've been talking to him about this story there are many examples like this village Donald you around South Asia the heart and soul of the stories that listen that despite the carnage of the partition of India in 1947 the multiculturalism and the humanity is still a life. You know he mentions 947 what does a Slinky and since 947 much to petition there are more than 400 Hindu temples that have full emitted into disrepair all being adopted and used for other purposes not places of worship some become toy stores stomach some of become restaurants government offices and schools but just recently the Pakistani government decided that these Hindu temple should be restored and renovated and become places of worship and heritage sites so it shows that Pakistan in this aspect is trying to preserve aspects of its multicultural multiculturalism which has always been there to a greater or lesser degree Ronnie's Singh Well look let's talk to Lynn Sweet No The Chicago Sun Times hello where Hello how are you very good there was yet another public hearing in Washington in the biggest committee room in Congress what did they get up to on Monday well this could well be the last hearing before the House as well as the House committee vote out articles of impeachment for the entire house sitter. It was very well for that 7 hour day there were no fact witnesses and it whynot a sample of the partisan divide between Republicans and Democrats in Congress right now. You know you could listen to probably any 10 minute segment and gotten a good sense how divided the parties are over this impeachment you know a column I have. I made the point that the Republicans are saying why didn't we just wait until the election because let's say it's elections now or the way that the people decide the Democrats finally have been able to find a simple way to say why they are proceeding now even though they could use some more information they're proceeding now because they see it this term is trying to do is a crime a crime in the sense where he is trying to hijack 20 twentieth's action so that's why they need to act now and one thing I'd like to point out for our listeners is that personal lawyer Jani just last week was thinking of. People as part of this quest to dig up dirt on the son of one of the Democratic front runners former Vice President Joe Biden some suggestion isn't there are. People trying to read the runes on this committee and saying that they might be going for Mr Giuliani or the Rahm of the White House might be trying to distance themselves pretty hard night from this when we on the OIC so you have to in analyzing what goes on in the White House people on the end so I could say one thing and then you have to listen to what Trump says and tweets just on Saturday Trump said that he years doesn't say how that Giuliani when he gets back from Europe will have plenty of information are Biden and he wants to take it to Congress and to the Justice Department where usually if you have it snow or you just don't show up in front of Congress a mess of impeachment percent use this is not a way that a president acts when. When a person wants to distance himself from somebody so I don't buy it it's allies Congress are perfectly capable of going Giuliani under the bus they ready did it today with the European ambassador with u.s. Ambassador to the we're looking for and some let out to be something of a half worse and they after didn't quite know what increased joy as. It was in the garden the sun Well you know it's now being left to sort of swing in the wind and I'm surprised they so trumpet ministration still has about the job because I don't see how they could be affected in any way. At this point given his testimony which where he said publicly that there was a pretty pro quo and that the Democrats Republicans are trying to make him out as someone who doesn't know what a story is and it keeps changing and he's just pretty hapless kind of a guy. Well of all the. Excitement thank you very much like Ok And thank you. For. This. Great. It's 2 o'clock I'm here with a. Good morning the main news on 5 life British people are among those today's volcanic eruption in New Zealand. Is no way to be an end game when. 2 British women are among more than 30 people in hospital after a volcano erupted in New Zealand least 5 people have died in a to missing on White Island the Deputy Commissioner John Tim says it's too dangerous dangerous for rescuers to land there right now. Is unstable. Possibilities of further eruptions but actually the physical environment is unsafe for us to return to the. With just 2 days to go before the election the 2 main parties are focusing on what they see as their core vote winning issues our political correspondent is in Watson Labor will focus on the n.h.s. Promising to conduct an audit of risk if they take office this would examine how to address critical stuff shortages and to identify where funds would be required to repair substandard buildings the conservatives will point out that their increasing n.h.s. Funding but their mantra on getting breaks it done would dominate the next 2 days last night politicians face questions on housing climate change and trust from an audience of young people in a Question Time election special Nigel fair are said he'll spoil his ballot paper when he votes on Thursday he's broke the party isn't standing in his constituency and he says he can't support Boris Johnson's deal with the e.u. a Man's been arrested on suspicion of murder after a man in his forty's was stabbed to death in north London police were called to a home in Hornsey last night following reports of a fight me and de facto leader. Suchi will appear at the International Court of Justice in The Netherlands this morning to deny that country's carried out genocide against revenge of Muslims around 3 quarter of a 1000000 of them fled to Bangladesh 2 years ago after a violent crackdown by me and most military power and preach Singh is from the campaign group Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch has documented countless atrocities by me in March military against the Hendra murder rape destruction of villages dating back to 2012 and even before that all of which amounted to crimes against humanity and moving forward to the 2017 clearance operations where we saw a new brutality against their hands. Investigations found that a 3rd of hospitals in England put up car parking charges last year with total income rising by a 10th the present news the Freedom of Information Act to get data from more than 140 n.h.s. Trusts and responses show that more than 250000000 pounds was raised as the news on 5 Live his shots with the sport Arsenal were a goal down for an hour at West Ham when they suddenly sprung to life and scored 3 times in 9 minutes to win a $31.00 it's a 1st victory in 3 Premier League games in the interim manager Freddie Ljungberg and ends a run of 9 games without a win in all competitions Abbots in a considering Shanghai boss Vito Pereira as the permanent replacement for the Sox Marcos Silva The club have moved out of the relegation zone after a $31.00 win over Chelsea and they can't take a Boston conservatism the head of the u.s. Anti-Doping Agency has criticised water for only giving Russia a 4 year ban from major sporting events but what has President said Craig Reedie has defended the length of the punishment saying they also needed to protect Russia's clean athletes who will be able to compete and or neutral flag if they can prove their untainted by the doping scandal and in golf Rory McILROY has ruled out competing in next month's European Tour event in Saudi Arabia despite being offered a large appearance fee he said 100 percent there's a morality to it on that decision to miss the sound international this is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live on digital b.b.c. Sound small speak a little more than a quick look at the weather a dry and chilly night for most but rain is expected for parts of the Northwest later.

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BBC Radio Kent-20191210-010000

Whatever else we can say about this now drawing to a close. Just from the u.n. World Meteorological Association. That make this the warmest decade since record keeping began in the mid 19th century in the past 5 years since 2015 the hottest on record temperature of 38.7 degrees south. Of the Cambridge tonic garden never taken in the u.k. Was warming like this come floods and a promising new technique being tried out in Scotland suggests substantial and sudden flooding flash flood might be for a cost in the future. Well as we've been hearing 2 British women are among the 30 people injured by a volcanic eruption on quite a island off the coast of New Zealand 5 people are believed to be dead and another 8 unaccounted for this is what Stuart Coburn from the local ambulance service told reporters. Majority of the injuries blastoff injuries. A number of us prices for critical and I've recorded very intensive care at the hospital and then with transported a number of patients to the hospitals and he still was believed the other victims were from a strain of the United States China and Malaysia and this is what Prime Minister Scott Morrison said it has been a very difficult day I have been speaking with Prime Minister returned and the news we feed would be very difficult and it is proving to be sorrow. Is to die there with 24 stridency enjoying a wonderful cruise. In New Zealand taking in those sots together enjoying life a peaceful time of the 24 strides we've been awful to as a tiny I've annoyed and this morning that 13 of those strident hospitalized across multiple hospitals in New Zealand. There are 11 a strike that is still unaccounted for. And that we fear of the 5 a deceased persons that 3 of those up to 3. Are strides but that is not yet confirmed Well that was Scott Morrison joining us now from Radio New Zealand as Colin Peacock a local and. Well very hard day for everybody it's been almost exactly 24 hours since the volcano erupted How was the the Sachin rescue proceeding. Well fairly slowly as we heard yesterday even some hours after the eruption in the 1st arrival back of people who'd been rescued from the island and the distribution of victims to hospitals around the North Island were some frustration that the police were saying the island was still too dangerous to talk so can pass too hot for police and rescue us to visit so darkness fell some 7 or 8 hours later and no one had been able to go to the island today the police were able to get vessels close to there to launch drones and helicopters and other aircraft to have a look we believe at least one or 2 police officers here and search and rescue people have been able to see it for and have a look around but the message that's been coming back is the same as it was yesterday late yesterday before it got completely dark and it was no signs of life at all so we're kind of stuck with those casualties figures and in people now trying to make sure that the survivors and the victims have the best chance in the hospitals where they've been distributed amongst them Boone's units around the country to make sure they get the best care where where the survivors actually taken from how much do we need nor know about what happened. Well there are 2 groups travel by boat on one of the main 2 a companies who apparently offer operate 3 boats so one boat load had been up in. The one the 1st group of tourists were the ones that were captured on the webcam writing on the island as being very close to the crisis like when the eruption happened the 1st group in fact had already completed their tour and were down at the boat ramp so they were the ones who were able to rescue a few people bring them back and then make a return journey some helicopter pilots from the volcanic air service in the way spec rescue helicopter that's the one that does a lot of the medical evacuations to and from hospitals they sprang into action and were able to risk you some people as well so the 1st boat that came in yesterday was apparently came in quite quite sedately and the evacuation was orderly The 2nd one with I think the badly injured people arrived at pace in covered in ash so that was obviously more more dramatic So at the moment they've distributed the victims among hospital from little more and all cleaned for the down to the Heart Hospital which is close to the south of the North Island quite a distance away to make sure that they get the best of care and albeit Boone's units in the specialist treatment that's available there. And how did they actually proceed with it was it a huge eruption at the beginning or did it build up. No it was a said to be spared and almost instantaneous it was described by the specialist as a throat clearing outburst from from the mountain So initially they experts said this is likely to be followed by a period of query since so they weren't initially worried about a bet repeat or eruptions or intensification of it but since then they've analyzed some of the data and they do say there's a $5050.00 chance the g.n.a.s. a Vulcan all a jackal service a $5050.00 chance of a further eruption within 24 hours though whether that's a strong as the one we saw yesterday or not we don't know and in fact the experts have been a pains to stress that this wasn't a large eruption on the scale of things an effect on their $1.00 to $5.00 scale they rated at a 4 with 5 being the top and the ash fall pretty much confined to over the island itself and the surrounding sea and it's about 48 to 50 kilometers to the nearest point on shore and although they initially issued warnings to people to stay away from the shore and beware of of ash fall since a look at that seems to be contained over the island itself. But the questions now being asked about absolute is an activity over recent weeks and specifically on the 18th of November where the alert was raised from one to 2 and one of the 2 a company's bacon June appointed extra tour guides to operate his kind of forward scouts that would send them out before taking the tour groups out just to look for signs of anything or any extra activity at the crater lake So questions are now being asked about whether really given an upsurge of volcanic activity the tourist should have been going on at all and all this the prime minister says will be looked at in time and a full inquiry. And are there other volcanoes where we know it's on the ring of fire caught on but are there other volcanoes that are as active as this one while there are and they haven't been any major eruption that have activated the National Emergency Management System but just as recently as 996 Mt were Pay Who which is a major tourist location one of 3 of those big volcanic cones in the central North Island not too far away from the Bay of Plenty where White Island are situated off the shore there was a serious eruption back in 1906 some people were injured there and after that they had to build new channels to take lava and what they called the flows off the mountain and make sure they went away from safety in the ski fields on the same tour of populations there so it's certainly as you say on the ring of fire it's an ever present danger the serious major eruptions though a so rare that I guess it was considered safe risky or. An acceptable risk to run tourism to White Island so all that's going to be looked at in this inquiry and just to keep people on their toes there's been a 5.3 earthquake just south of good has been which again not too far away on the East Cape of north of the North Island about $22.00 and a half hours ago now the experts a genius say that it's not related but it certainly hasn't done anything to soothe the news of people in that part of the country. Many many thanks. Rob Well we heard Cullen say there that the level was raised in the middle of November and we can hear more about how these things are managed from Dr Janine Krypto Who's of all can all just on the line from Washington hello Dr Crippen are. Hello how you very good now you you've obviously studied some of New Zealand's volcanoes Come on said that the level was raised in the middle of November what would have been the reason for that yes sir genius uses a different technology is a fine to pick method to actually study the volcanoes and look for changes and activity. One or more stores are showing an increase in activity they'll pay more attention and being a little can be raised in the Kate that activity is above normal levels so that's what happened here so and in this case that they raised they raise the alert level this is not like some talons which for weeks before. Being studied back in 1980 and in the state of Washington was being studied as a place where there was quite likely going to be a major volcanic eruption. Correctness is very very different and that was Mount St Helens there was a lot of. Information telling the vulcanologist at the time that magma was making its way towards the surface and that's not the case yet this was a very different from other options much much smaller. Very very different the warning signs are different and just started right now yeah a different scenario this is much smaller the activity would be much lower. Under Sonisphere. Could still I mean it shot up in the 12000 feet and you know cause catastrophic injuries to the people who were on the rim of the volcano. This is where it gets you know it just and then just doesn't it because you say well how come your way are climbing up the rim of the volcano when the thing erupted but but this isn't it's not restricted to New Zealand you know people going for a good close look at a volcano Oh absolutely not and you know it doesn't take us a corruption to be catastrophic and you can have lodger options but don't impact people so it really depends on what people are and are infrastructure and the way and when what health products of the option but we live around Ok is all around the world there are over 800000000 people living within 100 kilometers of O'Kane is around the world there are a lot of benefit is tourism as we see here agriculture there beautiful places and live off of resources so there are many many positives the bulking are but every now and again we get surprised by eruptions like the more options that have been and the impacts that just heartbreaking. Yes Would there have been any warning in the the half an hour before the eruption to place with been any rumblings writing of that sort. I don't know what genius I'm sure will be analyzing everything very very closely but that'll be a question for them once it had a chance to look back and in in a case like that it's perfectly well I wouldn't say normal but it's it's understood that a volcano can just go off that it doesn't have to make any kind of initial shuddering or anything. Has a rupture that I've driven by a magnet rising to the center there are a lot more one I'm. Around her friends by being in that building crusher under a volcano. At the magma pushing its way through the rock every finger and causing some of the lookout for seem driven eruptions that Christianity quietly building until it breaks reaches a breaking point. And would this volcano have been a well studied recession literary genius and research of the New Zealand have done a great job working on the cocaine or understanding it and monitoring it and this goes to show us that even with the best finance and the well wanted a volcano that surprises you still happen. Dr Janine Crippen thank you very much for talking to us thank you well you may have heard the term supermassive black holes. New findings seem to say that super massive black holes in space may not be as massive as one once thought a group of astronomers think that the way we measure them is wrong. That they could be more powerful Well let's find out what Professor Condra who is an astronomer at mit the Massachusetts Institute of Technology can tell us Hello Professor Carol hi right thanks for having me on the show good good to have you with us. Supermassive black holes mean what distinguishes a super massive black hole the way that people think about it conventionally That's right yes so they're kind of 2 classes of black holes as we know of them in the universe there are what we call stellar mass black holes these are the black to the small black holes that that are produced through a supernova explosion when a massive star explodes and collapses into a black hole just to do its own the strong gravity of this you know the massive previously massive star and that produces a black hole that's maybe $10.00 to $20.00 times the mass of the sun something around that order of magnitude but then on the other side of the spectrum there are these huge black holes that we call super massive black holes that said as a center is of most if not all galaxies and they range in mass from around a 1000000 times the mass of the sun to a 1000000000 or even $10000000000.00 times the mass of the sun that's a huge difference of scale listen to the mean even if you're just doing zeros or to the power of it it's a big big difference Absolutely yeah it's a it's a huge question in astrophysics right now how do you grow a super massive black hole in the 1st place if the only way that we really know how to make a black hole is through this supernova explosion in the collapse of a massive star how do you go from something that's 10 times the mass of the sun to 10000000000 times the mass of the sun and we don't really understand the details behind that and then the other question is why don't we see any intermediate masses between that that those 2 huge ranges these are big low pressure. Why isn't there a current of middle sized barriers were. When you you talked about them being the center of every almost every galaxy if we got one of the middle of Argo except we do it's called Sagittarius a star and it's because it's close you know when he looked towards the Constellation and said to Terry s. That's the set towards the center of our galaxy and that black hole is $4000000.00 times the mass of the sun. Foreboding. And they have a different I mean because they're so strong they have different characteristics to regular black holes actually what's interesting is that the stellar mass black holes behave in in very similar ways to the super massive black holes and in that sometimes we see them. Feeding on a lot of material and like in the case of a super massive black hole that's hot gas from the surrounding galaxy and in the case of a stellar mass black hole sometimes you see stellar mass black holes that get into a binary system with a normal star like our sun and it can pull off to real from that star over time but what's interesting is that in both of these cases the stellar mass black hole with you know binary system and the super massive black hole in sitting at the center of a galaxy they both have form what we call accretion disks of material that's kind of swirling towards the center of the black hole and and they behave in actually very similar ways surprisingly similar ways just an on extremely different sized scales. Let me ask about this new way of measuring or winning a super massive black hole can you explain it in layman's terms. Yeah so this is one this is a problem or something that's very challenging for astronomers is to to measure the mass of a black hole now the the mass of of the black hole at the center of our galaxy Sagittarius a star is actually very early well measured because we have telescopes because because that black hole is just so close to us. And we can actually resolve the trajectories of individual stars near the center of our galaxy and we can map out how they're moving around. Some you know dark object and because we can map out the trajectory and the velocity of those stars then we can infer what the mass of our black hole at the center of our galaxy is and it gets a little bit harder when you talk about the super massive black holes that other galaxies because it's there too far away you can't resolve the trajectories of individual stars but we use the bulk motions of stars at the centers of galaxies to kind of try and infer the masses of the central black hole. It's like looking at a footprint to try to figure out what size of a passion made that footprint Exactly yeah so will this mean that the size of these super massive black holes is revised downwards is that something that you're now seeing So one of the interesting things that this. That this paper is is taking on is you know the the. The best ways that we have for measuring the masses of black holes is when those black holes have lots of material. Accreting on to the black hole when when there's lots of material getting close to the black hole then we have the best chance of measuring the mass of that black hole but most black holes in the universe don't have a lot of material accreting on to them about 90 percent of the black holes that we see don't have a lot of that material and so it's harder to measure the masses of those galaxies. And what this paper is suggesting is that they've they've. Proposed a new technique for measuring the masses of these. What we call quiescent galaxies this 90 percent of galaxies of black holes that don't have a lot of material around them and what their study suggests is that those that you know from this new analysis is that the that the super massive black hole holes are are less massive than than what we previously thought I would say though that when we study individual black holes and these ones that have lots of material around them. They. It's isn't look like there's anything necessarily wrong with how we've been measuring black holes in the past but this new technique is is trying to go beyond looking at individual black hole masses and is trying to say something about the population of all super massive black holes regardless of whether or not they're you know feeding on a lot of material Well I think you very much for you know making such a great effort to make it make sense to us we really appreciate it thank you for having me on the show thank you for it but I sales of what are variously called for by force or sports utility vehicles no outnumber electric vehicle sales a rate of $37.00 to $1.00 the government's u.k. Energy Research Center says that this is threatening attempts to reduce carbon emissions S.U.V.s accounted for 21 percent of new car sales last year in the u.k. Professor Julian Annabelle is from the center behind the research hello So here is I beg pardon here is Professor Gillian Annabelle. Well there's quite a few reasons why this is happening and it's quite easy to sort of blame the consumers though it's sort of bad bad taste in and not caring about the planet but in actual fact the choice of these vehicles on the market is huge it's been rising the way in which they've been marketed has been really quite aggressive motor manufacturers have been found to only spend about 4 percent of their advertising revenue on showing us the electric vehicle a we have a card and an environment so a lot of people think they need a car b. These cars are very attractive see the finance deals that are offered actually don't really disclose the benefits of getting a less energy intensive vehicle they don't show you the running costs they really just showing you the monthly repayments they're wrapping up the government taxing those prepayments the annual circulation tax so people aren't getting the carbon signals so what we've been doing is really focusing on the uptake of electric vehicles and really focusing on you know what proportion the market are we up to and for pure battery electric vehicles are still one percent of car sales at the moment so it's tiny and we've kind of. Turned off face away from the other end of the market where this phenomenon is happening of this uptake of large vehicles so we set these targets for electric vehicles what we need to do is to phase out the the larger and the more gas guzzling and and in the meantime where is selling millions of these vehicles that are going to be on the roads the next 10 to 15 years whilst we're talking about climate emergency where the transport sector is the only sector way missions are still rising so where you know completely inconsistent with what we're doing. And we need to get the prices right so that across the transport system we have a situation where it's not beneficial to jump to jump in the car but because we haven't been increasing our fuel tax and duties and so on on cars we need to get the prices right to shift mobility across the board. And that was Professor Julian audible speaking earlier today to the b.b.c. And it's half past 1. On digital b.b.c. So it's slightly. Venus is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live. With the b.b.c. News on 5 Live I'm tired way of the prime minister of New Zealand just send our darn says there are no signs of life on the island where a volcano erupted during a visit by tourists from a cruise ship to British women are among the injured 5 people are known to have died the 2 main ek parties will focus on what they see as vote winning issues in the final days of election campaigning Johnson will say that only a majority Conservative government come break the brakes at deadlock Labor will focus on its immediate plans for the n.h.s. My girlfriend says he'll spoil his vote on Thursday his brags a party aren't standing in his constituency and he says he can't stomach voting for the conservatives and a 3rd of hospitals in England put up car parking charges last year Arlie charges vary between 4 points and 1.41 hour Chapman has a sports Arsenal were called also for the 1st hour of them Premier League match against West Ham as they trailed one nil but suddenly something clicks out of nowhere. The Church of the coach was in the box action intuitionistic was happy with the chippy which was 3 goals and 9 minutes and Freddie Ljungberg was left punching the air after his 1st win as interim manager the 31 victory was Austin's 1st in 10 matches in all competitions players have belief that I've been trying to move the ball we started to be more temperate was there start to get tired and. Amazingly 'd the source of the 4 was amazing to see I'm so so proud of Everton have Shanghai coach Vito prayer a high on their list of candidates to replace the Sox Marco Silva The club is still looking for a permanent boss despite can't take a manager Duncan Ferguson's flying starts with their 31 win over Chelsea Antonia ready to return to the Chelsea's going for their final Champions League game against Leeds a night he's been out since September defender for care to Morey misses the game with a slight hip strain Lupul are away to Salzburg going to be live on 5 Life Water presidents a Craig Reedie has defended their decision to impose only a 4 year ban on Russia from all major sporting events he's faced criticism from Travis Tygart the chief executive of the u.s. Anti-Doping Agency and says the decision not to impose a blanket ban on Russian athletes even under a neutral flag is a devastating blow to clean athletes Well here are the views of alli Jowett a member of the u.k. Anti-doping athlete commission and triple Olympic medalist Kelly Sotherton what messages are sent out to the future generation that actually states will actually be treated softly up in today with no blanket ban I think if I'm either they've been they've been soft publicly you have to be the top eventually because there are . 4 of I think on the right. And despite the ban the promoters of the Russian Grand Prix said they're confident the race will go ahead next year is Gees a place in such on the 27th of September Rory McILROY turned down a large appearance fee to compete in next month's European Tour events in Saudi Arabia saying he just doesn't want to go it follows Tiger Woods' decision not to play in the events and rugby union wants to Captain joy Sexton's at a scan on a knee injury this ruled fly half out of Saturday's Champions Cup game at home to Northampton Saints Cronin will be called on for the match and on various John Higgins and Graeme Dott were among the 1st round when. At the Scottish Open. From b.b.c. Sport. Water year. Christmas already would be a busy one for the road trip they call the midwife. It is things we do to help with the drama. Of the falling into the business. To. Cover to. Cook a. Christmas. Radio 5 Live. Show. Well unlike river and coastal floods flash floods are difficult to predict we often don't know where and when and indeed what impact they're going to have an as a climate changes in the u.k. Experience is more intense storms the issue working out where flash floods will hit becomes increasingly important and Scotland there's a well established warning system for river and coastal floods but less so for satirists water to address this the Scottish Environment Protection Agency is working on its flood forecasting sappers what makes it a flash flood anyway I've been hearing from Dr Christopher right I beg your pardon Dr Christopher white senior like her in water and that via mental engineering at the University of Strathclyde So flooding in this particular case we're talking about surface water flooding. When. You have an intense very heavy rainfall event that happens over a very urbanized catchment. Very fast very heavy. Roads pavements carparks and simply rainfall as it falls he has nowhere to go to. And that can be very quick very very sudden flash flooding the sort of like. We saw in. November kept people shopping center there was this water. Flooding simply in the simplest way rainfall causing very sudden bursts of floods right just water it's got nowhere to go and as you said where are the natural drainage has been sealed off by concrete. That's right. This country we like many because we have a legacy of very urbanized centers where the idea of. Drainage for rain forest is simply where it goes into our Susan and friends down to relisten to see her because with a loss it's expands our heart areas of roads. Continue to expand. Therefore there's nowhere for that water to go and it's a problem that. 'd with better forecasting hopefully we're trying to trying to alleviate that another more than there used to be. It's a difficult question to answer that one. In this to harvest to one if. The question is more is there more rainfall to lead to the sort of events the climate scientists saying that there has been and is likely to be an increase in those very intense very localized rainfall events that these type of flood events but you also have to couple it with. The increase of of our towns and cities in our expansion. Using our countryside and the green space for town center so it's a it's a 2 sided coin there a little bit. Too to try is to increase. The size of the right rear but we're building more and therefore the rate isn't going away the way it used to are the very difficult to predict. Yes they are of all the flood events is perhaps the most difficult and just to be clear when the other tons of other vents are river flood events High River flows over overtopping of the banks or coastal flooding these sort of flow of its surface water out of it of course by rainfall a so hard to predict because not only have you got to predict where that very intense very extreme rainfall is going to fall but also then what is going to happen to that rainfall want is full and so you're mixing meteorology weather forecasting with hydrology. So. That science of water and water movement across. Through drainage. Because there's a bit of so localized pinpoint in them with any accuracy to say there's a likelihood of a of an event in that place in the city center at that time. It has always been choice the tricky thing to it of course. Now what about the system in Scotland the Scottish Environment. Takes an agency is developing is it a particularly interesting forecasting model. C. Per back in 2014 for the Commonwealth Games did a trial of a model a system where. The Commerce gains we could all call this exactly this type of events surface surface water other than that steel is is cutting edge that we study. Was to look at that and other examples of those sorts of tools the sort of products are supposed to see is that still cutting edge is that still. The way forward and after the show that startup very well has. The Scottish. Capability in the spaces is really the leading edge of this kind of science. This isn't over yet or an operational product it was designed for the Commonwealth Games like I said but because in intention is to is to look into this type of forecasting more as is the rest of the u.k. As well. And start wishing to where it sits and where the future of this lies. And that was taught to Chris for quite stressed klyde university while looking on the papers there's absolutely no doubt the picture of the commands all the front pages are nearly all the front pages is the picture of the volcano in New Zealand erupting and a great column of ash and smoke and steam filling the air but when you get down to the substance of many of the headlines there are of a that headlines The Daily Telegraph reporting that the Conservative Party is fearing that the chances of Jeremy carbon winning have been seriously underestimated the Says the telegraph line it reports a party memo saying that tactical voting in just 12 seats couldn't move Mr Johnson from dining street express and the mail are quoting Mr Johnston as saying he might axe the b.b.c. License the t.v. License and the The Times. And The Guardian The Guardian has a 2nd lead on the volcano the times leading on it and the Metro and the Daily Mirror and The Guardian are all leading on the boy on the hospital floor we're going to take a look though at the Financial Times with Fred student. Well for us the big story out of the markets on Monday was the plunge in share prices in a company called Tullow Oil which is been very popular with investors the recent years decades even date their shares lost 70 percent after it had to say that it was causing its production outlook because it's got some of its. Merits some of its forecasting wrong and this is led to the departure of its chief executives as well as its head of exploration and then I own my own son a bit dry but if I give you some context on this is a company it's a well 1st off that 70 percent drop in share price was. Market Value down 1400000000 pounds so that tells you have take the hit was but if you go back a bit and you can see that in its heyday or as. You know in the better years so that was back in 2012 the company was worth 14500000000 and after Monday's time on stock more will plunge and in its share price way it was down to 562000000 so that those figures just give you a sense of the scale of what's been happening here tele oil. Favorite as I said by a lot of you came Vestas because it was something called the unknown is the frontin markets of the oil industry sort of going out into areas where some of the majors can't don't want to go maybe they're just a bit Tunisia or too marginal or too risky did a lot of businesses been doing a lot of business in Africa and is one of the companies that rode the boom in oil prices for quite a while but as we know there's been a sort of more difficult period for the industry in recent years and you've seen sort of challenges coming incidents such as the rise of the shale oil industry. In the us which is not helped the likes of ton of oil and basically the. They've had to sort of take a sort of hard look at themselves and say that they. Reckon that their production will be almost a 3rd lower than it had forecast at the start of this year 2019 and that's always a lot of material hit it's also had to suspend its dividend and as I said earlier just say goodbye to its chief executive and the head of next exploration so that's in city terms all in quite a big story. They prime minister the national health service. Well it won't come on says a fall of over the photo of a 4 I think it's proved Monday did not prove a great day for the prime minister over this one issue which was very. Big in the Senate in some of the print media but then gathered the sheets storeman in social media and within some of. The game further it was accelerated if you like by this awkward interview the prime minister gave to. The news and where he seemed to almost sort of not want to confront the visual evidence of this 4 year old child Jack would have meant by. Who for want of the bed and then it up being laid down on a pile of coats in a lead leads hospital with an oxygen mask and think he was. Evidently suffering was being treated for a suspected pneumonia and it was just the prime minister's reaction. Was it was certainly very ill judged lots of speculation on. Social media and from all the usual sources as to why people saying that you know he's been his team is so desperate for him to sort of stay on message is they need to use the terminology and not to sort of you know go off script and reacted to individual instance well if that is if that is for a moment true than that that this is sort of would prove the wrong advice in this case. Now it's always difficult to judge how this might play out in the election campaign I mean the rule of thumb always was. The n.h.s. Is generally seem to be an issue where Labor do better on and that the voters trust Labor more than the Conservative Party on that we know that the Tories will be making a lot of. Effort to to sort of promoting selves as as guardians of the n.h.s. And promise of investment famously lots of new hospitals that the promises that the Bills event he wins on Thursday I mean it's still difficult to judge at the end of the day how much does this play out at the ballot box the conservatives quickly dispatch the health secretary. Up to the Leeds hospital where he sort of sort contain the round expressed his sympathy and the good quote It's a little motional reaction to to the plight of that child. But as I said you know we don't it's always a bit unclear how do you sort of point sort of sudden sort of flashes in in media attention on one particular issue or apparent gaffe or slip up by a senior politician in this case the prime minister. You know does that will that really change voting habits recall that Gordon Brown had an incident in the 202010 election campaign where he sort of call saying on. The microphone some rude remarks about a woman and they're going to well that's him done for but later was judged not to have really moved things that much. At that was Fred's tournament financial ties with difficult to exaggerate the role played in Pakistan by the army so when a court intervened over a proposed extension to the tenure of the present chief General budge. It caused a problem know who is going to lead the Pakistani army I've been talking to Ronnie Singh. It's a very important decision Raj The Who is the army chief in Pakistan the current person or the person who's in between jobs shall we say is general come in. He's had 3 years in post and the question that the Pakistani government is getting in a bit of a stew about is does he get 3 more years now it's important in Pakistan because in that country for half of its history there has been military rule notorious generals were general 0 and General Pervaiz Musharraf and Pakistan's different to western countries Western democracies in that the army chief in in Western countries doesn't usually get involved in politics but in Pakistan it's different the army actually sets defense policy and with the volatility volatility in the region recently you know there's been tension with India over Kashmir this particular general has been quite hawkish and a vocal critic of India's actions now because of the tensions in the volatility in the region but his than government decided in Orcus that he should stay on for another 3 years and he was due to finish his term on 28th of November and start his new term at midnight that day meanwhile somebody filed a petition to the c.p. Supreme Court questioning the legality of an extension of 3 years so the Supreme Court. Couple of days before the deadline was due for expiry of and renewal of the army team's tenure said hang on Pakistan government we want to know the legal reasons by which you are extending this at this term for the army chief because there's nothing in the Constitution that specified about the army chiefs term so sort yourselves out you've got 6 months to do this now an author who writes a lot about the Pakistan military is should know was he's a distinguished fellow at the South Asia Center in Washington d.c. If a constitutional amendment is required the new 2 thirds majority would be needed and the government would have to cobble together a massive goal Lucian of opposition parties in order to achieve its goal this is created jitters and change the par balance within the alliance of civil in the military in Pakistan that was dominated by the military and now the par seems to be shifting for the next 6 months 2 words the courts as well as Parliament . Cynosure sanely are things quite unstable within Pakistan itself as far as the army chief is concerned the economy is not in good shape and internationally you know relations with. The us are unstable to the west of Pakistan there's the there's of Coniston which has had elections recently so that nobody knows what's going to happen there and to the east you've got India with whom there are tensions and over in the far corner you've got President China saying that General Badger eyes a long time friend of China say internationally it matters and so what role what what role General Bargewell plays in the near future in Pakistan is going to be something that we're all watching very carefully is this anything to do with the prime ministers who do their. Well it's Imran Khan's government and. Over the past 3 years he has had seem to have had more shall we say a less aggressive and. More of a sort of. Amicable relationship with the military than his predecessor Sharif had said there are all sorts of rumors about who is controlling who but that's not for me to say and what happens over the next few months is going to be very interesting and for for Pakistan watchers but also very very important for Imran Khan. That's a few months since we've started talking about the religious corridor that was opened between India and Pakistan through a live one special group of pilgrims through and there's some rather interesting about. There isn't the follow on story it was the Sikh temple over in Pakistan that was renovated and opened for the birth anniversary of the founder of the Sikh faith when all these thousands of Indian Sikh people pilgrims came across and now in the Pakistani province of Sindh there's a little village called Jeanette where reportedly there are no Sikhs living atoll but this Sikh temple here in general has been reopened and renovated with a grant from the local part Pakistani politician for the birth anniversary of the founder of the Sikh faith and the people who've been doing this other local Muslim and Hindu community who have a reverence and a respect for this particular Sikh guru the founder and the Hindus have been decorating and renovating it and when you go into a Sikh temple you always get a free vegetarian meal with a does that tastes a little bit like semolina So the Muslim community prepared that meal and served it to to the locals now a veteran journalist who is from this area is more along and I've been talking to him about this story there are many examples like this village Donald you around South Asia the heart and soul of the stories that listen that despite the carnage of the partition of India in 1947 the multiculturalism and the humanity is still alive. You know he mentions 1947 what does a Slinky and since 947 much to partition there are more than 400 Hindu temples that have 4 limited into. Desser panel being adopted and used for other purposes not places of worship some become toy stores stemming some of become restaurants government offices and schools but just recently the Pakistani government decided that these Hindu temple should be restored and renovated and become places of worship and heritage sites so it shows that Pakistan in this aspect is trying to preserve aspects of it said multicultural multiculturalism which has always been there to a greater or lesser degree Ronnie's Singh Well look let's say talk to Lynn Sweet No The Chicago Sun Times Hello Lynn where Hello how are you very good there was yet another public hearing in Washington in the biggest committee room in Congress what did they get up to on Monday well this could well be the last hearing before the House as well as the House committee vote out articles of impeachment for the entire house to consider. It was very well for that 7 hour day there were no fact witnesses and this one it is sample of the partisan divide between Republicans and Democrats in Congress right now. You know you could listen to probably any 10 minute segment and gotten a good sense how divided the parties are over this impeachment you know a column I have. I made the point that the Republicans are saying why didn't we just wait until the election because states elections now are less the way that the people decide the Democrats finally have been able to find a simple way to say why they are proceeding now even though they could use some more information they're proceeding now because they see it this term is trying to do is a crime a crime in a sense where he is trying to hijack 20 twentieth's action so that's why they need to act now the one thing I'd like to point out for our listeners is that personal lawyer Jani just last week was thinking of. All this part of his quest to dig up dirt on the son of one of the Democratic front runners former Vice President Joe Biden. Some suggestion isn't there are. People trying to read the runes on this committee and saying that they might be going for Mr Giuliani or that Rahm of the White House might be trying to distance themselves pretty hard night from this when Leon e OIC so you have to in analyzing what goes on in the White House people on the inside could say one thing and then you have to listen to what Trump says and tweets just on Saturday Trump said that he years doesn't say how that Giuliani when he gets back from Europe will have plenty of information are Biden and he wants to take it to Congress and to the Justice Department where usually if you have it snow or you just don't show up in front of Congress a mess of impeachment percent use this is not a well a president acts when. When a person wants to distance himself from somebody so I don't buy it it's allies Congress are perfectly capable of going Giuliani under the bus they ready did it today with the European ambassador it was us Ambassador to the we're looking for and somebody out to do something are a half worse and they asked or didn't quite know what interest really. Was in the garden the sun logo is now being left to sort of swing in the wind and I'm surprised they so trumpet ministration still has about the job because I don't see how they could be effective in any way. At this point given his testimony which where he said publicly that there was a pretty pro quo and that the Democrats and Republicans are trying to make him out as someone who doesn't know what a story is and it keeps changing and he's just pretty hapless kind of a guy. Well. Although the. Excitement thank you very much like Ok And thank you. For. This. Great. It's 2 o'clock I'm here with a. Good morning the main news on 5 life British people are among those today's volcanic eruption in New Zealand. Is no way. An end game when. 2 British women are among more than 30 people in hospital after a volcano erupted in New Zealand at least 5 people have died in a to missing on White Island the Deputy Commissioner John Tim says it's too dangerous dangerous for rescuers to land there right now the all the unstable. Possibilities of further eruptions but actually the physical environment is unsafe for us to return to the. With just 2 days to go before the election the 2 main parties are focusing on what they see as their core vote winning issues our political correspondent is in Watson Labor will focus on the n.h.s. Promising to conduct an audit of risk if they take office this would examine how to address critical stuff shortages and to identify where funds would be required to repair substandard buildings the conservatives will point out that their increasing n.h.s. Funding but their mantra and getting breaks it done would dominate the next 2 days last night politicians face questions on housing climate change and trust from an audience of young people in a Question Time election special Nigel fair are said he'll spoil his ballot paper when he votes on Thursday he's broke the party isn't standing in his constituency and he says he can't support Boris Johnson's deal with the e.u. The man's been arrested on suspicion of murder after a man in his forty's was stabbed to death in north London police were called to a home in Hornsey last night following reports of a fight man was a de facto leader. Suchi will appear at the International Court of Justice in The Netherlands this morning to deny the country's carried out genocide against revenge of Muslims around 3 quarter of a 1000000 of them fled to Bangladesh 2 years ago after a violent crackdown by me and military power and preach Singh is from the campaign group Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch has documented countless atrocities by me and lawyers military against the French air murder rape destruction of villages dating back to 2012 and even before that all of which amounted to crimes against humanity and moving forward to the 2017 clearance operations where we saw we knew brutality against their hands. And investigations found that a 3rd of hospitals in England put up car parking charges last year with total income rising by a 10th the present news the Freedom of Information Act to get data from more than 140 n.h.s. Trusts and responses show that more than 250000000 pounds was raised as the news on 5 Live his shots with the sport Arsenal were a goal down for an hour at West Ham when they suddenly sprung to life and scored 3 times in 9 minutes to win a $31.00 it's a 1st victory in 3 Premier League games in the interim manager Freddie Ljungberg and ends a run of 9 games without a win in all competitions Abbots in a considering Shanghai boss Vito Pereira as the permanent replacement for the Sox Marco Silva The club have moved out of the relegation zone after a $31.00 win over Chelsea and they can't take a Boston conservatism the head of the u.s. Anti-Doping Agency is criticized a lot after only giving Russia a 4 year ban from major sporting events but what has President said Craig Reedie has defended the length of the punishment saying they also needed to protect Russia's clean athletes who will be able to compete and are neutral flag if they can prove their untainted by the doping scandal and in golf Rory McILROY has ruled out competing in next month's European Tour event in Saudi Arabia despite being offered a large appearance fee he said 100 percent there's a morality to it on that decision to miss the sound international this is b.b.c. Radio 5 Live on digital b.b.c. Sound smart speaker a little more than a quick look at the weather a dry and chilly night for most but rain is expected for parts of the Northwest later.

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