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At a meeting of urban wildlife researchers in Washington, D.C., in June, one diagram made it into so many PowerPoint

In the unequal distribution of birds and other species, ecologists are tracing the impact of bigoted urban policies adopted decades ago.

A discriminatory strategy called redlining, which was implemented in the 1930s, has repercussions today for records of urban biodiversity. A discriminatory strategy called redlining, which was implemented in the 1930s, has repercussions today for records of urban biodiversity.

Birds of both the same and different species will watch a fight and can influence the fighters, something called the “audience effect.” An example of the audience effect in humans, when the audience can affect competitors, is a sports team’s home field advantage. “Because the audience effect has been a focus of human research for so long, animal researchers started observing the same behavior in fish and birds and many other species,” says Katie Sieving, a professor at the University of Florida. “But until now, animal research on this topic nearly always considered audience effect...