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Bowser was born on January 7, 1855, in Amelia County, the daughter of Henry Dixon, a carpenter, and Augusta A. Hawkins Dixon, a domestic servant. She was probably born into slavery. After freedom came in 1865, the family moved to Richmond and started a new life. Religion and education were the foundations of the family, and they joined Richmond’s largest congregation, First African Baptist Church. Dixon first taught in the Sunday school there. Her father recognized her aptitude and enrolled her in the Richmond public schools, where she initially received instruction from northern teachers ...

The Stakes of the Fight to Help Parents Couldn’t Be Higher Stephanie H. Murray © Getty / The Atlantic In 1920, following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, the lawyer and feminist Crystal Eastman turned her attention to the future. The new goal of the feminist movement, she argued, should be to ensure that women are free to pursue careers outside of child-rearing—but also to guarantee that if women chose to focus on parenting, their labors would be “recognized by the world as work, requiring a definite economic reward.�...

Petitioning campaigns are a vital complement to democratic voting.

Clark returned to Virginia and taught classes in illustration at the Art Club of Richmond and was an instructor at the Richmond Training School for Kindergartners. About 1916 she and the Richmond artist Nora Houston established the Atelier. Their studio became a training ground for a generation of Virginia artists, including Theresa Pollak, who later founded the art program at the University of Richmond and the art school at Virginia Commonwealth University. Intending to revive the long-moribund eighteenth-century Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts, Clark and Houston in 1919 founded the Virg...

United States The postwar Republican administrations After the end of World War I, many Americans were left with a feeling of distrust toward foreigners and radicals, whom they held responsible for the war. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the founding of the communists’ Third International in 1919 further fanned American fears of radicalism. Race riots and labour unrest added to the tension. Thus, when a series of strikes and indiscriminate bombings began in 1919, the unrelated incidents were all assumed—incorrectly in most cases—to be communist-inspired. During the ensuing Red Scare...