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This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the role, functionalities, and complexities of blockchain oracles, focusing particularly on the implications for smart contracts in legal reasoning contexts. Oracles serve as a vital bridge to smart contracts' inability to interact with external or "off-chain"data, enabling them to be used in a variety of real-world situations. Oracle's integration, however, introduces a number of complexities, including security vulnerabilities, collectively referred to as the Oracle Problem. In addition to a review of existing literature, we also provide a mathematical analysis quantifying the computational complexity associated with automating legal reasoning and a novel design framework aimed at establishing oracles that are secure, efficient, and legally compliant. The paper aims to serve as a foundational text for researchers, legal practitioners, and blockchain developers, advancing the academic discourse surrounding bloc ....
To keep you informed of recent activities, below are several of the most significant federal and state events that have influenced the Consumer Finance Services industry over the past. ....
As the complexity of autonomous driving systems (ADSs) increases, the question of how to organize testing in an efficient manner has become a serious issue. This study investigates the potential for metamorphic testing (MT) to evaluate the perception-camera module of an open-source autonomous driving system (ADS), namely Baidu's Apollo ADS. The experiments revealed inconsistent obstacle identification results when increasing the brightness of a specific region of the driving scenarios, both in individual and sequential frames, demonstrating the ability of MT to address the oracle problem when testing the perception module of ADSs. Furthermore, this paper presents an MT harness to facilitate ADS testing, which would increase efficiency and help testers to better organize the testing procedure. We also present an industry case study to demonstrate its use in actual production phases. ....
Concerns have been growing over fake news and its impact. Software that can automatically detect fake news is becoming more popular. However, the accuracy and reliability of such fake-news detection software remains questionable, partly due to a lack of testing and verification. Testing this kind of software may face the oracle problem, which refers to difficulty (or inability) of identifying the correctness of the software's output in a reasonable amount of time. Metamorphic testing (MT) has a record of effectively alleviating the oracle problem, and has been successfully applied to testing fake-news detection software. This paper reports on a study, extending previous work, exploring the use of MT for fake-news detection software. The study includes new metamorphic relations and additional experimental results and analysis. Some alternative MR-generation approaches are also explored. The study targets software where the output is a real/fake news decision, enhancing the applicab ....
In this paper, we consider the testing of software whose input involves a data stream, such as in video analysis applications. To address the oracle problem in testing this kind of software, existing metamorphic testing (MT) and metamorphic exploration (ME) techniques typically generate both source and follow-up input streams. In contrast, we propose a different strategy: an inplace method. Instead of examining relations among multiple input streams, our method works on a finer granularity by investigating relations among the data frames within a single input stream - such as the relations among the image frames within a video stream - treating a frame, rather than a stream, as a test case. Because our method does not generate any follow-up input stream, or change any frame values, it is also suitable for runtime error detection. We have applied this in-place method to testing video streams in Baidu Apollo, a real-life autonomous driving system. Our study identified previously-unknown ....