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Transporting small molecules across cell membranes is an essential process in cell physiology. Many structurally diverse, secondary active transporters harness transmembrane electrochemical gradients of ions to power the uptake or efflux of nutrients, signalling molecules, drugs and other ions across cell membranes. Transporters reside in lipid bilayers on the interface between two aqueous compartments, where they are energized and regulated by symported, antiported and allosteric ions on both sides of the membrane and the membrane bilayer itself. Here we outline the mechanisms by whi...

Earth system models and various climate proxy sources indicate global warming is unprecedented during at least the Common Era1. However, tree-ring proxies often estimate temperatures during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (950–1250 ce) that are similar to, or exceed, those recorded for the past century2,3, in contrast to simulation experiments at regional scales4. This not only calls into question the reliability of models and proxies but also contributes to uncertainty in future climate projections5. Here we show that the current climate of the Fennoscandian Peninsula is ...

A healthy ecosystem requires diversity. An important component of biodiversity is functional diversity (FD), which denotes the diversity of functional traits of organisms in a given ecosystem.

, 11:542125, 2020. When Josephine Ulrich and colleagues got the chance to work with the iDiv Ecotron, a system of experimental containers in Germany that lets researchers create and manipulate miniature ecosystems, they decided to investigate the effect of declining invertebrate populations on plant communities. Many studies have explored how projected changes in abiotic factors—rising temperatures, for example—influence plants, says Ulrich, a PhD student at the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) and Friedrich Schiller University, but to look at biotic factors such...

Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant. Although used medicinally for centuries, 1, 2 it recently has experienced a significant resurgence in interest, becoming a buzzword in beauty. 3 The main reasons behind this are the richness of chemical compounds produced by the plant and the significant opening up of regulatory markets. 4 Cannabis plants contain more than 500 known compounds. In addition to phyto-cannabinoids, the plant contains saccharides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, fatty acids and terpenes. 5-8 Several compounds of these classes are known to im...