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Gut to brain: Nerve cells detect what we eat

Credit: Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research
The gut and the brain communicate with each other in order to adapt satiety and blood sugar levels during food consumption. The vagus nerve is an important communicator between these two organs. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Cologne, the Cluster of Excellence for Ageing Research CECAD at the University of Cologne and the University Hospital Cologne now took a closer look at the functions of the different nerve cells in the control centre of the vagus nerve, and discovered something very surprising: although the nerve cells are located in the same control center, they innervate different regions of the gut and also differentially control satiety and blood sugar levels. This discovery could play an important role in the development of future therapeutic strategies against obesity and diabetes. ....

Henning Fenselau , University Of Cologne , University Hospital Cologne , Max Planck Institute , Metabolism Research , Ageing Research , Medicine Health , பல்கலைக்கழகம் ஆஃப் கொலோன் , பல்கலைக்கழகம் மருத்துவமனை கொலோன் , வளர்சிதை மாற்றம் ஆராய்ச்சி , முதுமைப்படுதல் ஆராய்ச்சி ,

Regulation of the genome affects its 3D structure

Credit: IRB Barcelona
All the cells of an organism share the same DNA sequence, but their functions, shapes or even lifespans vary greatly. This happens because each cell reads different chapters of the genome, thus producing alternative sets of proteins and embarking on different paths. Epigenetic regulation DNA methylation is one of the most common mechanisms is responsible for the activation or inactivation of a given gene in a specific cell, defining a secondary cell-specific genetic code.
Researchers led by Dr. Modesto Orozco, head of the Molecular Modelling and Bioinformatics lab at IRB Barcelona, have described how methylation has a protein-independent regulatory role by increasing the stiffness of DNA, which affects the 3D structure of the genome, thus impacting gene activation. Present work reveals a cryptic mechanism connecting epigenetic footprinting and gene programming, which can help us to better understand development, ageing and cancer. ....

Comunidad Autonoma De Cataluna , Isabelle Brun Heath , Modesto Orozco , European Union Horizon , Professor Of The University Barcelona , Spanish Ministry Of Science , European Research Council , Experimental Bioinformatics Laboratory , Molecular Modelling , Ivo Gut , Spanish Ministry , Instituto Nacional De Bioinform , European Union , Cell Biology , Medicine Health , Biomedical Environmental Chemical Engineering , காமுனிடட தன்னாட்சி டி கடலுள் , மொடெஸ்டோ ஒரோஜ்கோ , ஐரோப்பிய தொழிற்சங்கம் அடிவானம் , ப்ரொஃபெஸர் ஆஃப் தி பல்கலைக்கழகம் பார்சிலோனா , ஸ்பானிஷ் அமைச்சகம் ஆஃப் அறிவியல் , ஐரோப்பிய ஆராய்ச்சி சபை , மூலக்கூறு மாடலிங் , இவோ குடல் , ஸ்பானிஷ் அமைச்சகம் , ஐரோப்பிய தொழிற்சங்கம் ,

UMaine researchers: Culture drives human evolution more than genetics

University of Maine researchers found that culture helps humans adapt to their environment and overcome challenges better and faster than genetics. Tim Waring and Zach Wood found that humans are experiencing a special evolutionary transition in which the importance of culture is surpassing the value of genes as the primary driver of human evolution. Due to the group-orientated nature of culture, they also concluded that human evolution itself is becoming more group-oriented. ....

City Of , United Kingdom , Tim Waring , Michael Kinnison , Zach Wood , Royal Society , School Of Biology , Proceedings Of The Royal Society , Cultural Evolution Society , Umaine Evolutionary Applications Laboratory , University Of Maine , Evolutionary Applications Laboratory , Business Economics , Arts Culture , Researchers Scientists Awards , நகரம் ஆஃப் , ஒன்றுபட்டது கிஂக்டம் , நேரம் போர் , ஸ்யாக் மரம் , அரச சமூகம் , பள்ளி ஆஃப் உயிரியல் , பல்கலைக்கழகம் ஆஃப் மைனே ,

Luring bacteria into a trap

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Developing vaccines against bacteria is in many cases much more difficult than vaccines against viruses. Like virtually all pathogens, bacteria are able to sidestep a vaccine s effectiveness by modifying their genes. For many pathogens, such genetic adaptations under selective pressure from vaccination will cause their virulence or fitness to decrease. This lets the pathogens escape the effects of vaccination, but at the price of becoming less transmissible or causing less damage. Some pathogens, however, including many bacteria, are extremely good at changing in ways that allow them to escape the effects of vaccination while remaining highly infectious.
For scientists looking to develop vaccines, this kind of immune evasion has been a fundamental problem for decades. If they set out to develop vaccines against bacterial pathogens, often they will notice that these quickly become ineffective. ....

University Of Basel , University Of Basel Biozentrum , Wolf Dietrich Hardt , Zoology Veterinary Science , Medicine Health , Immunology Allergies Asthma , Infectious Emerging Diseases , பல்கலைக்கழகம் ஆஃப் பேசல் , ஓநாய் டயட்ரிச் ஹார்ட் ,

Converting scar tissue to heart muscle after a heart attack

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IMAGE: Researchers from the University of Tsukuba showed that cardiac scar tissue (fibroblasts) can be directly reprogrammed to heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) in mice. By treating mice post-heart attack with a.
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Credit: University of Tsukuba
Tsukuba, Japan - It is estimated that during a heart attack, one billion cells in the heart are lost. In the wake of the heart attack, the lost tissue is replaced by scar tissue, which can lead to heart failure, arrhythmia and death. In a new study, researchers from the University of Tsukuba have shown how cells in the scar tissue can be converted to heart muscle cells, effectively regenerating the injured heart. ....

University Of Tsukuba , Professor Masaki , Induced Cardiomyocytes , Direct Reprogramming , Rare Fusion , Cell Biology , Molecular Biology , பல்கலைக்கழகம் ஆஃப் ட்சூகுபா , ப்ரொஃபெஸர் மசாகி ,