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McGirt: Most important sovereignty decision in Oklahoma history

Increasingly intense non-American Indian migration and the massive expansion of railroads fueled political pressure for Congress to make even more lands available for settlement. So Congress began passing laws, ramping up pressure on tribal governments. It passed the General Allotment Act of 1887, which broke up communal reservations into individual allotments to tribal citizens, and left “surplus” lands unassigned. Congress then opened the “unassigned lands” to white settlement in 1889, prompting the Oklahoma Land Run, and passed the Oklahoma Organic Act in 1890. Congress established the Dawes Commission in 1893 to negotiate allotment agreements with recalcitrant tribes and, in 1889, passed the Curtis Act to allot parcels to their citizens. More laws followed in 1906, including the Five Tribes Act and the Osage Allotment Act, to pave the way for Oklahoma to join the Union in 1907 as the 46th state. But no law expressly disestablished the reservations that had been created by

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