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Reconstruction and Its Aftermath - The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship


Reconstruction and Its Aftermath
The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. As a result, the mass of Southern blacks now faced the difficulty Northern blacks had confronted that of a free people surrounded by many hostile whites. One freedman, Houston Hartsfield Holloway, wrote, “For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them.”
Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, two more years of war, service by African American troops, and the defeat of the Confederacy, the nation was still unprepared to deal with the question of full citizenship for its newly freed black population. The Reconstruction implemented by Congress, which lasted from 1866 to 1877, was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting t ....

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Legacy - Thomas Jefferson | Exhibitions - Library of Congress


Jefferson s twilight years were spent,
in part, defining and defending his legacy. During his final decade,
Jefferson drafted an autobiography, created political memorandum
books, became increasingly concerned about the preservation of
historical documents, and staunchly defended his role as author
of the Declaration of Independence. At key points in his life
Jefferson had drawn up lists of his achievements, and on the verge
of death he designed his own gravestone and epitaph: Author of
the Declaration of Independence [and] of the Statute of Virginia
for religious freedom & Father of the University of Virginia.
Though critics questioned his role in writing the Declaration ....

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Establishing A Federal Republic - Thomas Jefferson | Exhibitions


Although Thomas Jefferson was in
France serving as United States minister when the Federal Constitution
was written in 1787, he was able to influence the development
of the federal government through his correspondence. Later his
actions as the first secretary of state, vice president, leader
of the first political opposition party, and third president of
the United States were crucial in shaping the look of the nation s
capital and defining the powers of the Constitution and the nature
of the emerging republic.
Jefferson played a major role in the planning, design, and construction
of a national capitol and the federal district. In the various ....

New York , United States , United Kingdom , France General , White House , District Of Columbia , Library Of Congress , Independence National Historical Park , Virginia State Library , James Currie , William Birch , E Pluribus Unum , James Callender , Benjamin Franklin , Charles Willson Peale , Pasquin Petronius , John Beckley , William Leney , Thomas Munrow , George Washington , William Thornton , Samuel Miller , Stephen Hallet , John Jay , Philip Mazzei , David Rittenhouse ,

Anti-Lynching Activism at Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church


On December 4
th, 1931, a Black man named Mark Williams was murdered by a mob in Salisbury, Maryland.
[1] Accused of killing his white employer, Williams was taken from his hospital bed, hanged from a tree until he died, dragged into Salisbury’s Black neighborhood, doused in gasoline and set on fire.
[2] Lynchings like these were not uncommon in many states and had become a national problem after the end of Reconstruction.
These kinds of “spectacle” lynchings almost always included a ritual similar to Williams’ murder, with the torture and public execution (by hanging, stabbing, shooting, and/or burning alive) of primarily Black men but also Black women and children. It often culminated with spectators taking pieces of the victim’s body as souvenirs and with pictures taken. ....

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