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Scientists confirm third-nearest star with a planet—and it's rocky like Earth


MAROON-X instrument built by UChicago team measures its first planet
In the past two decades, scientists have discovered more and more planets orbiting distant stars but in some sense, they’re still just dots on a map.
“It’s kind of like looking at a map of Europe and seeing the dot that’s labeled ‘Paris,’” said University of Chicago astrophysicist Jacob Bean. “You know where it is, but there’s a whole lot that you’re missing about the city.”
Scientists are developing new telescopes and instruments to fill in more and more of that picture. Bean led the creation of one such instrument called MAROON-X, which was installed at the Gemini Telescope in Hawaii last year. It allowed scientists to not only confirm the existence of the third-nearest star with a transiting exoplanet, but to take extraordinarily precise measurements of that planet and discover that it is rocky like Earth. ....

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Aging stars provide a new cosmological yardstick


UChicago researchers verify a new method of measuring distances to faraway galaxies
Despite a century of measurements, astronomers can’t agree on the rate at which the universe is expanding. A technique that relies on measuring distances to a specific type of aging star in other galaxies called the J-region Asymptotic Giant Branch, or JAGB method might be able to help.
Astrophysicist and University of Chicago graduate student Abigail Lee is the lead author on a new paper that analyzed observations of light from a nearby galaxy to validate the JAGB method for measuring cosmological distances. This novel technique will allow future independent distance measurements that can help answer one of the biggest outstanding questions in cosmology: how fast is the universe expanding? ....

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Ceramic chips inside meteorites hint at wild days of the early solar system


Analysis by UChicago scientists reverses earlier findings, suggests large temperature swings
A new analysis of ceramic chips embedded in meteorites suggests the formation of our solar system was not as quiet and orderly as we once thought.
A new study from University of Chicago scientists builds evidence that the baby solar system likely witnessed wild temperature swings and changing conditions contradicting the decades-old theory that the solar system had gradually and steadily cooled following the formation of the Sun. 
Published Jan. 6 in 
Science Advances, the study finds its answers in gifts from outer space. Because rocks on Earth are constantly pulled under tectonic plates, melted and reformed, they don’t offer much evidence for what our solar system looked like four and half billion years ago.  Instead, scientists look to meteorites.  ....

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