missouri, we took a driving tour museumcity with history on the square executive director john sellers. >> we're driving around the in springfield. and this public square is interesting. it's designed with the streets it in the center of each side, which is kind of rare. the corners.in but it was designed by one of the founders of springfield, campbell, who came here in 1830 with his family and wanted this to be the county designated newly greene county of southwest donated 50 acres of land and the city sold 48 acres to get enough money for the courthouse and these two town remain, the county square. they built the courthouse in the center of the square and that became the side of greene county's county seat. and kind of got things started 1835 and 1838, the city was chartered. it all came about because what by now whicho go is an historical marker in the on what'sa building called water street. the reason it's called water is was thethis intersection of several native american trails, because all of this low area we're driving into big pools ofal spring-fed water which attracted lots of wild game. it afforded people water to drink and so on. so this area right in here, he put his cabin just here to our right and here on the left is historical marker that designates this area as the polking area where john campbell built his cabin and that's why this park here is and hisounder's park cabin was up on the bluff above this huge pool of water which attracted native americans to travel through here and afforded, then, the settlers who easy way to transfer and move around in this area because of those native american trails. we're on jefferson street and here on the right this, yellow friscog, this is the railroad offices that were built here by john t. woodruff when he here as the attorney for the railroad in 1904. footwe're going by the old bridge. this foot bridge was built because it was so unsafe to allel back and forth over these railroad tracks. so they built this beautiful crossridge in 1901 to over the tracks so that they could begin to really develop tracks. the railroad the tracks were, in effect, kind growth to theo north and the city grew continuously to the south. built that walkover bridge and then some underpasses reallyhe tracks that helped the city to develop on to the north. to the square. heavilyeld was really divided during the civil war. heavily divided during the civil war. this was a hot bed for both the and the union. so there was a lot of conflict here. after the that, battle of wilson's creek, which confederate troops won the battle, springfield was under confederate control, then, until december of that year, when the of the -- general fremont's guard, came and took the city back for the union. so after that, it was under control, but it was under martial law so they had a provost marshal who brought in people called detectives that and one of those people that was brought here was wild bill hickok and hickok was the detectives of the after thershal so civil war he stayed on here in springfield and he was a gambler into some mischief, as you might imagine, and got into namedr game with a man and over the course of time there relationship disintegrated. north had fought for the and they got into a conflict over gambling debt. gunfight on the square. the first gunfight of the old west. squarewalked into the in and hickokd killed tutt. there was a trial over that, and then at the end of it, he was acquitted. set it was self-defense. later on hickok ran for city marshall and lost the election. they thought he was too hotheaded. that was the first gunfight in the old west happened here on the square in springfield. springfield, missouri is a of every community just like it. it has it's good and it's been areit has its people who committed to making a better and -- letple to -- who are the tide take them. >> this story in the book is the story of an invisible line across the very landscape which is the kansas missouri border and its creation and contested meanings during the civil war era. the difficulty of the people along that line to move on with their lives in the late 19th century. this was such a violent place from the beginning that you have the violent disposition of group after group beginning with the osage indians continuing through the mormons who had moved to western missouri under joseph smith. through the civil war era you have the struggle over freedom and the question of whether kansas territory would be open for slavery or would be free soil. the violence is about that question but it becomes wrapped in so much more. you have fights to divulge other frontier locations over water and nexus to grazing land -- access to grazing land. and the fight is between a proslavery faction that wants to make kansas a pro-slave territory in state and the free slavery movement. theproslavery faction had upper hand. they wanted a pro-slavery constitution and approval as a slave state. the pro-slavery faction was centered in lecompton. they overplayed their hand. the earliest elections were marred by fraud. denies basic civil rights and they imposed severe penalties not just for assisting runaway slaves but expressing public criticism of the fugitive slave lobby. in the popular consciousness in the north, you began to have the sense that the lecompton government, the pro-slavery government in kansas is under a cloud of illegitimacy. midst of change in the bleeding kansas is rising tide of settlers or migrants from the north. initial you have a majority of people living in the kansas territory but by 1867 -- 57 and 1858 you have a majority. it is a remarkable time during which most of america is looking at kansas and the struggle. fate ofruggle for the the west and the struggle over the fate of america. it is a race to send the most people into kansas territory. and with proslavery partisans soilers side-by-side the struggle becomes violent. violence regular carried out by ordinary men. it is not violence waged by soldiers but men who take violence into their own hands thefrequently meet -- mete violence out. arson and marked by plunder and murder and rages for many months as the political fate of kansas territory hangs in the balance. the person who is most singularly associated with this is john brown after the pottawatomie massacre. in 1858, john brown comes back to the territory and he begins a series of raids into western missouri during which his men will liberate people from missouri and help them escape their freedom. they will kill a number of slaveholders and the legend or -- or the notoriety of john brown grows as part of the that people locally understand. it is the beginning of the civil war. most americans think about the civil war starting at fort sumter in south carolina in april 1861. along the kansas-missouri line people would look to 1856 and john brown and see the start of the civil war. what happens along the border is you can see many of the patterns of the larger civil war coming to the west as part of america center. you have the war against slavery being waged pretty aggressively into western missouri under j militia. jayhawker 1861, they leave the invasion of western missouri and the right through the countryside burning towns, liberating slaves, and the culmination of this attack, they build a -- burned a small village of osceola which was believed to be the arsenal of local confederates. this was retribution for treason or secession. men returnedane's to kansas they are followed by hundreds of formerly enslaved people who have gained their freedom. the guerrilla violence is marked by this thirst for vengeance and retaliation. to seek ataxia other retribution. you have missourians crossing into kansas. the most famous event along the border was probably the rate by william clark quantrill's guerrillas who raid eastern kansas from missouri and they descend upon the sleeping town of lawrence. lawrence, kansas was named after an abolitionist. it was the heart of anti-slavery sentiment in kansas territory, so it was a place long looked at kansas threat the as they understood it. this abolitionist threat. quantrill's men descended on the morning of august 21 and quantrill tells his guerrillas strong, an enormous size for a guerrilla band that they were to kill any man or boy old enough to carry a gun. by midmorning they slaughtered more than 170. they burned most of the town and raced back into missouri losing only one of their men in the course of all of this. that they managed to do this undetected by federal troops are by union militia is an outrage theansans and after massacre you have kansans clamoring for retribution in missouri. this brings the culmination of of the state war line which was august 25 when army issues order 11 which is a military order that he populates parts of four missouri counties. in order to end this guerrilla conflict which has been burning for years, they are going to move everybody out. -- the bases of support is gone and the guerrillas themselves will be gone. over the course of two weeks you have union troops, kansas militia going from to farm ordering most of the inhabitants of these counties to get out. affectmplemented to only southern sympathizers, the people who have sympathized with the confederacy. in a forceful application you have a number of people who had described themselves as unionists, being kicked out as well. the victims of guerrilla violence, it becomes a must impossible to move past the border, to treat these guerrillas who had burn them out of homes, who destroyed the town of lawrence, it is newly impossible to forgive those kinds of offenses. for veterans, of the union army and the confederate army and other militias on each side, they become important agents in this largest story of national retained in -- reunion and forgiveness. it takes time. it is not till the 1880's and 1890's that you see the people of that generation exhibiting a willingness and an ability to move on and to reunite but it is a process that is uneven. the tensions over federal power and local control and the hostility toward outsiders that many missourians expressed in the struggle over kansas is a way in which politics can be distilled down into stereotypes of other missourians looking at canton -- kansans as yankees. missouri as the were backward, people who illiterate, uncultured, uncivilized and also slaveholding. there are echoes within our politics today that i hope do not conjure up the same turn toward violence. toward the 21st century perhaps there is a degree of hope we can find if they can move past divisions and protect -- perhaps we can. the fact that we continue to fight over civil war memory today shows how durable some of these disagreements over race and equality can be, even in the 21st century. >> missouri was among the most divided states in the union. this was early in the war. everybody thought the other side was full of hot air and bragging. the war would be over before the summer and sort would be over before christmas. the climate was one in which the confederates had won a large victory at the battle of bull run in july. the events that produced the battle of wilson's creek began early in the war when brigadier general nathaniel lyon who commanded the arsenal in st. louis and a number of volunteer troops made a unilateral decision to declare war on your -- on the government of the state of missouri believing, , aurately, that the governor large number of the legislators and people involved hope to take missouri at of the union and add it to the confederacy. lyon did not ask permission. his main a palm it missouri state guard. it was the militia guaranteed to but claver and fox jackson was hoping to use that to make a proto-secessionist army. what lyon wanted to do was to put the guard under its field commander from getting organized and so he launched what we would and a preemptive strike swept through the state in three columns driving the missouri state guard back down to the southeast corner of the state where the commander sought an alliance with brick mayor -- brigadier general ben mcculloch. mcculloch got permission from richmond to a common cause with the missourians who had not passed any ordinances, cross into missouri and the combined army of confederates and missouri state guard advanced. they approached springfield which is where lyon had gathered his columns and both sides paused to examine each other. to find out each other's constituent elements, what was what, because there was a threat of rain, the southern side called off their attack but lyon only nine miles away in the city near so heeld is not moved out and launched his attack successfully at dawn on august 10 in that reduced the battle of wilson's creek. it was a southern victory in the sense that all of the southerners were caught by surprise. attack themon did successfully, catch them by surprise. they fought him off. lyon was killed in the battle and the union troops retreated leaving the southerners in control of the field. that is the conventional definition of victory. myrote the book with co-author and from the first, we wanted to go beyond drum and trumpet, who was behind this regiment move. we wanted the most discreet -- complete description of the battlefield but we also wanted to bring it alive by notifying, giving the sense of the impact on not just the individual but on families and when you study the way companies race the community level, that brings you to the fact that behind each person that enlisted, there is a family. a father, a mother, a sister, and uncle, children. all of these are involved in these efforts to send volunteers off to war. war,th the civil motivations were terribly complex. every individual had different motivations. in missouri when this fight is occurring it is not clear if ordinance of secession. people enlisted in the state guard including people who hoped missouri with leave the union. also people who thought the federal government was interfering with the rights of missourians and intended to do that but would later not join the confederacy. it is a divided state. the most interesting thing about looking at soldier motivation at connectionirectly in with the battle of wilson's creek is how in the summer of the issue ofh slavery was the dominant issue, once fighting broke out with a battle of fort sumter, once there was clearly fighting producing the battle of bull run, there was a rush charms on both sides in which there was a great deal of emphasis on localism. if you read the newspapers in kansas and iowa and illinois, missouri, arkansas, texas, there is a great deal of discussion about honor, about the cause, about specifically the need to uphold the honor of your home town. it is an odd time to read about because people believe the war is going to be over soon and there is a rush to participate and throughout kansas and missouri at the community level people are raising troops. what their concern is, the fight will be over before they get a chance for their unit to be except into service. that spirit of competition between towns produces a huge inst in enlistments and connection with the hometown and believing you represent the muchown it is very present. we know that as historians because of letters the soldiers wrote and the way hometown newspapers would present that. they would cover the war in terms of their side and their state but specifically, their communities' company, many of whom had various names. it is interesting if you read about the all hazard boys or the people from marshall county, texas. representingg off, their hometown, carrying the flag presented to them. this is the glue that holds these volunteers together. there is a kansas lieutenant who battle whosehis last recorded words were onward, boys, never disgrace your hometown. the way in which the small community which is where most americans live in small communities, the way in which the war was a representation of their lives, it had to be a representation of small community life. that is the most interesting factor. there is a great deal of social pressure to volunteer. a great deal of pressure to step forward. your --r country calls you go off to war. you are fighting with your neighbors. and how you behave is going to be known and recorded because of the tactics and weapons of the --il war, soldiers largely fought standing up. you could not play the coward without that being seen. soldiers wrote home they named names of who turned tail end ran. -- and ran. the glue that kept soldiers standing up and fighting. you are beginning to get the first anniversaries and reunions and people are getting together and commemorating the war. a kansas newspaper prints a brief history of the company that was raised in that kansas town. it prints a list of a dozen names in large lock letters. it identifies those as the people who had deserted from the company. 20 years after the war, their names were still held up and scored because they had disgraced specifically their hometown. that is how strong that glue was in the summer of 1861. i do not think you can fully understand ella terry history without that broader dimension. -- military history without that broader dimension. you must have a firm foundation in what is called the drummond trumpet side. the decisions made and why they made them. unless you bring the human dimension into it, you are leaving out half the reason for studying history. but we hope to do in giving a detail like that, a lieutenant dying with never disgrace your hometown on his lips is too show how you can find the universal in the particular. how this affects human beings, how conflict is part of the human condition. thebattlefield preserves side of the second major battle of the silver -- civil war. results of the first major battle fall west of the mississippi river. missouri played an important role in the war. of battleshe number and skirmishes, there is a great deal of fighting that takes place in missouri. both sides are interested in holding on to missouri if at all possible. there is not only a large number of conventional battles inside the state but a great deal of guerrilla warfare. it is a civil war within the larger national civil war. a great deal of lead shed, missouri was an unhealthy place to live during the civil war and a lot of dissension between neighbors, old feuds are brought to the forefront again. we have finally's that are divided and torn apart. it is a bitter and nasty civil war here in missouri. have a large number of volumes of somewhere over 14,000 currently. relating have material to all aspects of the civil war. andegin with the antebellum go through the construction period of the 1860's. military campaigns, social aspects, trying to cover all the bases of that time. we are going to have a look at a few items from the library collection and the museum collection. the museum collection is slanted to the trans-mississippi theater. the war west of the mississippi river. it deals with all aspects of the war. theied to select a few of rare and unusual items and we .an start with some soldier art soldier art from the trans-mississippi theater is very rare and we have two drawings done by a soldier named andrew tinkum. he was from lawrence, kansas, and enlisted men and later, he drew these great sketches from downtown springfield. a uniquees us with view of springfield, the most arguably inwn southwest missouri in 1861. he did a beautiful drawing of the downtown., the. around the square and heat did the representation of the battle of wilson's creek. it is not a work of a professional artist. it is his representation of how he remembered the battle and what took place. we have other artwork done by professional artists that depict the battle but this is unique. onordinary soldiers professional view of what he experienced. books, we some of the have a book that was published in 1865. called the rebel invasion in missouri and kansas. it is an account of the price raid, the raid by major general sterling price and his confederate army through missouri. in the fall of 1864 published after the event in 1865. the interesting thing is it was owned by thomas ewing, junior and it has his plate here. he was general thomas ewing during the price raid. price attacked the union garrison at fort davidson and was repulsed. thomas ewing was in command. this is thomas ewing's personal copy. some marginalia, some of his pencil notes inside as well where he has marked important passages of this book. when he told this book off the shelf and read it and referred to it in the latter years of his life, we were able to peer into his mind and get a sense of what he felt was important. the passages he thought he wanted to refer to again and again. it gives you a sense of what aspects of the campaign he felt needed to be remembered. theher rare volume in collection is a book of tactics. this was published in st. louis in 1861. it is a small paperback pamphlet. it goes into detail about how to train soldiers. this is a german translation of light infantry tactics from the war. and it is written in german. the command or the descriptions are written in german. the commands are given in english. for more of the union army is composed of new immigrants, new citizens. then the confederate army. there is far more immigration to the northern states before the war and during into the southern states. a sizable percentage of the union army is made up of english, irish, germans, scandinavians, to the point where you have ethnic regiments that are organized, made up of the various nationalities. the first, battle, the second, the third, and the fifth missouri, the infantry units that fight are composed as german immigrants or sons of immigrants recently arrived germans. book is the principles and practices of surgery published in 1852. . relatively common book that is not terribly difficult to find but a great book that goes into all sorts of aspects of medical care with various plates. an important book if you were trying to become a doctor in the 1850's and 1860's. , and thery of the book front it reads presented by a young lady when general bills army was in percent. a surgeon of the army in haste left this book. this was a war trophy that was left behind by a confederate army surgeon. to to pieces that relate general nathaniel lyon is the union army commander, the commander of the army of the west here at the battle of wilson's creek. ofis killed on the morning august 1861. he becomes the first union general killed in combat during the war. before then writes battle begins and this was written on august 9, 1861. one of the last correspondence he wrote. to an item from the end of his life, general lyon is killed on the morning of august 10, 1861. this is the -- what was written to be given to lyons' cousin.in-law and this is written by a captain that would allow his relatives to pass through southern lines. a very rare document. that allows them to come into springfield to retrieve his body and they do that and take it up onthe real head and load it to a train car there and take it into st. louis. there is an elaborate funeral ceremony and it is taken across takenaded onto a car and back to connecticut. in a procession that is reminiscent of what lincoln will experience in 1865 when his body is taken from washington to springfield, illinois, lyon is taken from his outfit -- the battlefield all the way back to his home in connecticut and he is buried there in early september. there are stops along the way where thousands will turn out and mourn the first union general killed in combat. it is great to use this material realalize these were people in the 1860's dealing with significant problems much like we are today. their problems were far more important because of the state in the 1860's but it is important to read the letters and the diary and the my mars and realize these were real human beings. these were living people and they were much like us. they grew up in a different environment but they still had the same feelings and hopes and aspirations that we have today and to realize that they dealt with some of the same problems and to see how they dealt with them and both use them as an example of inspiration and hope, but also to see the mistakes they made and hopefully avoid those and move forward. moved down here almost six years ago. i was not into local history until i got down here. you get learned up as they say in the ozarks about local history. i found out that springfield was the birthplace of route 66 and i started reading up and i got kind of angry. as i read oaks about route 56, it was known as the [indiscernible] you look in the index and here's 50 pages referencing avery. was heavily involved in the growth and develop men differed 66. he served as the first president of the highway association. served two terms as the first president. i thought i would write about him to resurrect his role and -- in route 66 and i looked into imagined 10 this page article turned into a 250 page book. woodruffhat i thought was about. he was about so many things that it grew into a book. he was a very proud ozark her. born and raised in the ozarks. he became one of the most influential developers in and the ozarks. he was involved in all kinds of projects that made springfield what it is today. the civil war was hard on this region. it divided families, a lot of death and destruction. it was a cataclysmic event for this region. in 1868.p, he was born he grew up in the aftermath of the civil war. he commented late in life that he saw the kind of destruction that were could do and he wanted to go back. he started as an attorney. he was pretty much self-taught, grew up in poverty in the ozarks. clerked with a attorney in crawford county. then he got a job as an attorney for the fiscal railroad, -- frisco railroad. he rose through the ranks and did a lot of legal work for the railroad and in 1904 he was relocated to springfield from st. louis. his first wife had died from tuberculosis. he remarried. relocated and in 1904, he was 36 years old, born in 1868. a young man, 36 years old after 40 years he went on this amazing round of activities that led to all kinds of things, schools, hospitals. he was in the buggy that had the sites lection team for what was known as the fourth normal school of missouri. now known as missouri state university. he told hotels, he brought hospitals to the region. oftening that he did was forgotten was he brought the frisco west maintenance and repair shops here. he brought a machine shop p are it was a huge complex and brought a lot of good paying jobs to springfield for decades. an attorney for the frisco railroad and he knew they were looking for a new site to add to the railroad as it grew and expanded. he should be remembered as one of the founding fathers of springfield. woodruff was involved in route 66's. longs over a decade effort. it began with there was no federal involvement, there was no state involvement. communities would get together to build roads and try to raise funds. the teens, a private organization developed. they worked to make sure that roads were going to be built and were routed through their town. they realized the number of automobiles was increasing rapidly and the demand for good roads was very strong. i cannot think of anything today that it was across also see our economic ranges. everyone wanted good roads. there was one in marseilles in the teens. of 1000 population people. 5000 people came in for a daylong rally for good roads. speeches and politicians and bands and this went on for over a decade. the federal government, the state started to build and form highway conditions. up. needed to step the private associations were not going to lead to a national grid of good roads. the federal government started to step in. theydid something, rethought the whole thing. most roads were known as the lincoln highway, they decided to have a numbered scheme. from the atlantic to the pacific. woodruff was on the commission that chose the numbering system but a couple of people were involved. one guy was named cyrus avery. another who was the chief engineer of the missouri highway department. it so happened that pete meyer woodruff and avery would be in town in springfield in late april. there was no big plans, this was not a big commentary point, putting a golden spike in the last tie of the transcontinental. this was not a big meeting. they got together. who knows what happened in that meeting. at the and of the day they got available what numbers were left. they notice that 66 was still available. i do not know what kind of conversation they had about 66. , if everyoneernoon else agrees him a we would like to propose the number 66 for this proposed road from chicago to l.a. we prefer it to the number 62. we would rather have 60, but we refer 66 to 62 and they sent it off and they did not hear back immediately. it went a month or two. the federal government did approve 66 as this road from chicago to l.a. swinging through springfield. that is why springfield calls itself rightly so the birthplace of route 66. that is the documented use of the number for this proposed road. i have never done a biography before. i enjoy it. i do not know many other biographers but if you are researching someone's life, you start in because they did something great. and then we start to look at the day to day of their lives. maybe you lose a little bit of respect as you learn more about their lives. i respect woodruff more today than when i started in. of organicthe story for regulation? >> to understand where organic improv you have to understand what happened in the 20th century. a centuryentury was of rapid change. economy changed dramatically. at the beginning of the 20th century we still have a lot of farmers in this country. a lot of people identify with the agrarian lifestyle. fewer farmersand and larger scale farms and our production system went from what we would consider to be organic or traditional to one that is highly recognized and dependent othersil fuels and [indiscernible] four production. organic came out of this century , this moment in time where technology improved the way we were growing food, improved the way we were disturbing food, but it created a system that some individuals disagreed with. they came forward and wanted something that was natural. they wanted something that was holistic. they wanted something that was organic in nature. the market came out of these different social movements. some people have identified them as being like soil conservationist, the counterculture, and the environmental movement are connected to this market. these individuals were advocating for certain protections and states like california and oregon where the places you saw that movement. they advocated for those terms. they were wanting to protect natural and natural was being agricultural interests of large industrial scale. they went organic. the spread of organic legislation which occurred before and after the 1990 bill was the effort of producers and consumers interested in protecting a market they saw was more connected to the earth, more holistic, and environmentally friendly. >> what does it mean to be organic and why is it more expensive? >> organic is a loaded term. not saying it is not a great term. very just became a powerful term that has a lot of misconceptions around it. it has just as many andonceptions as natural [indiscernible] with can add value and increase its price. it is very narrowly defined. some people agree with the definition while others do not. if you're hoping you can find a market that is different or a term that signifies a more holistic product, natural is a better choice. natural is the term that advocates walked array from because it had been tainted. it had been used by companies trying to sell natural chips or natural something or another. beenal is a term that has wildly abused. there have been many attempts to regulate the term but there is nothing that came out. natural food is unregulated. see local, local can mean a number of different things. it camecal and terms of from your food [indiscernible] or produced here, that is very local. is it a state product, is that local or can we do it a little bit different like a regional perspective. is the u.s. local, even though you're for may travel from california to new york or to washington, d c, can we consider that local? there have been definitions created for that as well. there is a specific meaning behind some of those and other terms, there is no regulation. dictate or -- what dictates what is organic food and what is not organic food? >> at the federal w have the national organic program which is housed by the usda. they have boards that determine the rules and applications that can be used in organic production and they oversee what can be labeled as organic and identified in the market. if you go to a grocery store and you are consumer, and you are interested in buying organic food, you want to look for a round symbol that says usda organic and you know then that it has been approved by federal standards. the federal standards are very specific. it means something very narrow and not all organic producers and consumers agree upon that definition. they can be highly controversial depending on who you ask. some are confused about what it means to be organic as opposed to other terms like local or natural or sustainably produced. as defined byic the federal government. >> yes. organic if it is labeled as that and in the u.s. it has to be organic according to the usda national standard. >> you have these early states, these early adopters, organic regulation, and how did that lead to the development of the 1990 act? >> half of u.s. states ended up adopting legislation. there was a few that set goals before or in lieu of any type of legislative adoption. -- it ended up coming up californiat, you had certified organic farmers, you also have the northeast organic farmers association located in new england and a network across the 1960's and 1970's and 1980's and 1990's that were working to create standards. a lot of them ended up engaging in third-party certification or third-party certification of organic farms. if you went to a farmers market or a grocery store, some of the statets -- produce would a were certified as organic by these organizations. these organizations wanted to protect their livelihood of what they considered to be holistic farming, organic production. they lobbied their representatives to get bills passed that would get them protection. andy adopters like oregon california, a lot of states on the west coast came in first and then you had some in the northeast that make this and you see it getting sold in the upper midwest especially where we see production today. the early adopters shaped a lot of the discussions at the federal level. a lot of people point to the power of ccof, and the northeast organic farmers in shaping legislation. a lot of indications suggest they would be taking a consumer in caring that the law informed consumers for most and put a backseat on producer [indiscernible] on what it meant to be organic. groupsdid these fringe get the muscle and cloud to bring about the changes in states like california early on? >> you ended up having a group of individuals that contacted their state representative. their constituents would not -- went and spoke and the representative took their concerns to -- is something we needed to do something about it and they worked to that way. is it integrated voluntary elements. they would pass a standard and say this is what it means to be organic. producers in particular when you are selling goods, you had to make a good-faith effort to produce it as the law stated. mechanism for enforcement. by the time you get into the 1980's, we have a series of a watermelonts, this -- we were wrestling with the problem of what is on our food. consumer interests took off in the late 1980's and before that time, we did not have any type of strong, mandatory, or compulsory regulations. it was to ensure that this person would be punished or recommended for their actions. organic woulde production act of 1990 and federal standards for the entire country. >> kind of. at the federal level was adopted but it took 12 years before -- for formal rules to be developed by the usda national program and for them to go into effect. there was this void where we noticed there is a federal law and it will be implemented quickly. the states to not know what to do. we have over half of the u.s. states adopt regulations for this market on or before 1990 and we have this 12 year goal that we do not know, if the federal government is going to implement the law. states continued to adopt policies to fill that void. even after 2002, we had one state, california, which had been pushing the envelope in terms of what can be labeled organic. the cover things like cosmetics and aquaculture and pet food. there are markets where we see the organic label appearing and consumers are interested but there are not necessarily any rules on the books at the federal level. >> what kind of lessons are there to be learned? statesemonstrates how can have a large influence and continue to influence federal though we see preemption in a particular areas. in those cases it is interesting to see how states will try to influence federal outcomes. it is more time, case specific. this demonstrates how certain ideas are incubated at the state level. they are incubated at this level marketsu may have present in certain areas that are not present in other areas. you have -- can innovate and tinker with how we engage in those practices and later bring the government into it at the federal level when it is necessary to ensure there is a baseline standard across the country. >> why is this important to you? >> i am an environmentalist and i like to eat. there is a combination. i love to eat a lot. i am concerned about it being exposed to certain chemicals and potential toxins and i'm concerned with where my food is coming from. i got involved because i like to eat and i like the environment. one of the areas was talking about sustainable food and agriculture. springfield is like any other american community. people want to know what is up with business, how is my money being spent. it is the third-largest city in missouri. this region is fast-growing. our major public university is growing quickly. it is fascinating in missouri. we have kansas city and st. louis, much larger, much more diverse, politically a little bit different. missouri over past presidential cycles has moved to a red state. if you go to springfield it is the region downtown. you see things that you might not see in a brand center in joplin -- in joplin. it is a fascinating place. there is a lot to uncover. almost whatever your beat is. invariably whatever your beat is in the newspaper. the newspaper was created 150 years ago. the incorporation of the city and the establishment of the newspaper happened in parallel time. for us that is important. oflong as there is a city springfield, missouri which is the third-largest city, there is the newspaper to tell everyone what is going on. papera privately owned and there is a multitude of competing ones as you often had 150 years ago. it evolved into the springfield news leader. when the final two papers were merged together. gannett but the paper in the 1970's. >> is there the balance that we get from the parent company versus local content we are generating here? >> each day in the news leader am a we have usa today section and people get the national news in the fridays of ways in print. when it comes to digital usa today will have a story. elections our miss across the country. generatedts they have , that may be something we want on our website and the byline would be accordingly. a lot of people are curious about local business. is withy what happens the news coverage we get a morning update that is a usa network update. here are some things that might be a nice video that goes on your social media and there are some general broad brush strokes. each day we are told which stories did well in the internet from various local properties around the network. it is a relevant story that we might run that phoenix produced, we might do that. at the same time, everybody in this room are focused on hyper-local news. that is the intent there in terms of that balance of local content and how it circulates and works together. if you read a newspaper in new england you probably would not see the story as yesterday. we had a story about a girl that hunted her first dear. that is important to people here. we believe it is important to get that to them. those are the regional cultural differences. you have no idea what that girl and her parents feel about country -- gun control. they enjoy hunting. which people in that side of the issue happen to do. we are looking at the things that our audience is interested in that they find relevant and important. one of the important topics aat is high up because we are rural region is the environment. water quality is huge. there are, when people think about their neighborhoods, they are concerned, there is a large bypass that will be built. a lot of things are typical. , is their runoff happening from agriculture, things like that. they tend to be important. in ways that the news leader has changed, it has tracked with evolutions in american society and media. you go back and you see the initial reproduction we have of the first paper ever. there is no photographs. it is what you would expect from the post-civil war era. we have evolved along with the times where when they were afternoon editions and morning editions, the those consolidated and since the turn-of-the-century, 21st century, we are chasing digital with all of our might. that is going pretty well. thatd news the other day our story traffic was up 44% so we feel like we are building an audience. knows -- we are forging ahead and we believe we are serving our public and building our audience. >> the key aspect of -- a social media. we use many of these platforms such as facebook and twitter and instagram. they are mobile friendly. a lot of what we do in terms of streaming, they are just read it and we have people who are all over that. it digital audience when resides in the mobile space, reaching them through social media. there's a lot of preparation given to the headline and the promo photo, does that work well with facebook? people are -- joke like you work in newspapers, isn't this like the horse and buggy? i do not view it that way. we will continue in newspapers and broadcast media to see enormously with digital culture becoming culture. what is the future of print is a question we constantly get asked . the short answer is, i do not know. it would shock me to think it is going to go away quickly. operate they not way -- the way they did in the 20th century in terms of how much paper they use. changes over time. i have a 24-year-old sister. i do not see her subscribing to a print newspaper. would she get a monthly digital pass? i could see that. reading it on her phone. how that plays out is still a pretty big question. we are constantly talking about here is the refresh strategy and we need >> our visit to springfield, missouri, is a book tv exclusive. to introduce you to c-span's cities tour. we traveled to u.s. cities bringing the book seem to our viewers. you can watch more of our visit that c-span.org/citiestour. >>, speeches from world leaders of the world economic forum in douglas, switzerland. president trump followed by lunch president emmanuel macron. and after that, attorney general jeff sessions talk about immigration reform and the daca program. president trump addressed participants on the final day of the world economic forum and august, switzerland. after his speech, the president sat down for a brief q&a session. this is about 35 minutes. ♪

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