I know that some of you came here because you heard there is going to be a reading and i know that some of you are angry that i havent read any name. So i will read a bit for you at this time so you are disappointed and furious. In 1921 a young woman named catherine was told she was not long for the earth, but soon she would die. Catherine decided to spend the rest are reduced to the rest of her days to wife of one per page, chicago chicago billionaire as old as her daddy and live out west on the paid family ranch, which lay in a desert of lavender loopers sincere between the pecos river in the same great decrease dismounted and peer name for the sunsets at the peak snowcapped both corporeal and msn. The following year it aylmers was such a serious cost his doctors suspect to tuberculosis, but not his chainsmoking, showed up to say at the reaction she taught them how to ride a horse through the canyon and every kind of weather. A few seasons later by returning to new mexico with his brother frank msn catherine would not come for decades and the husband would never come last. Took the 9500 feet to a cabin with a fireplace matron clay comes to about 15154 acres of 154 acres of Alpine Meadow come fields of clover and heart stopping these of the pecos river in the mountains. Hotdog wrappers that. No perricone and take up inside. The two boys convinced their debt to rent the place. A loose rubber but continuous adults until they could buy for 10,000 in 1947. He and frank went there every chance they could come a living are great patriots of the america must, riding horseback patent mouth of the colorado come a living of vienna sausages, chocolate covered raisins comanches and whiskey. Babies, here we have what you can teach us. At the other man his the object of your interest and youre not paying enough attention from history teaches us consider trying chocolate covered race, cheese and whiskey. During one of his day southwest, oppenheimer route back to a friend, my two great loves are physics and new mexico. Its a pity they cant be combined. One of the areas he took a ride with three volcanic crater, then thats called ira and three canyon with a stream along with cottonwood flourished. The canyon was named for the trees ,com,com ma the mexican work for those trees, los alamos. I grew up in a jungle town filled with s. W. A. T people. So i just love the southwest. Its just beautiful. So i certainly got this part of the story. Two kinds of bombs were made at los alamos. The first was made from uranium and it was so simple in engineering that they never tested it before dropping in on hiroshima. The first time i was tested was it was detonated. Basically, this bob has a gun inside her a shot of your brain and is thrown into a bowl of uranium. But the one problem they had was they didnt know how much uranium they need it each end of this device. So otto robert fresh, the one who helped discover fissures ran into the canyon and discover the second mouse where he treated this guillotine device can create a set of washers or you could change the size of the plugin another set of washers to change the size of the bowl and then he would drop the washers with this guillotine in the past of the pole pool for a couple of seconds and created very split document super criticality. One american physicist said we are trying to come as close as we could to event comic explosion without actually blowing ourselves up to now is how they the bomb. I want you to carefully notice what this looks like it here comes the plutonium bomb, which looks like that. You see there is quite a difference between the two and that is because one of his essays that list our most first theoretically put together the idea for the plutonium bomb, they had the calm that the plutonium coming out of hanford, washington with the extremely peer and it wasnt that peer. They needed to figure out how to compress it from the side of an orange to the size of a marble and that would make it work in the only way to do that was to perfectly implode on all sides. So while the spiders to see our little detonation charges that are all firing of perfect synchronicity to compress the plutonium and the guy who came up with this idea was my favorite hungarian and nuclear scientists, johnny found during a period not johnny created the fundamentals of modern euchre at a time when the most popular computer in the world was caught in the act, he caught his computer maniac. He was such a good mathematician but despite a johnny come account everything except calories. He sort of upset people because he let to play german pop music really loud on his record. But hes someone who did the calculations that made the plutonium bomb work. I also love him because he was such a natty dresser that whenever one would provitamin the grand canyon, hugh laurie threepiece suit. Theres a corner at princeton called the viability of quarter because he liked to drive his car and read a book at the same time in a crash so often that it named after him to stay. Right after the bombs were dropped, america became very excited about this and the government explain to americans that the reason we had atomic ons and nobody else did was because we do atomic seek rates and everyone assumed this meant the geniuses at los alamos. What they were doing this really a kind of engineering and a real genius was being done at oak ridge, tennessee ,com,com ma the largest building in the world at that time because they were creating the they were created in the field goes inside the bomb and they had to do it with all these different methods. One method was a thermal diffusion that day. Another was a trip to fusion method. Then they had a proton merry go round cyclotron. That was going on there. And they had vision devices reducing plutonium. At the same country great thing was they had to discovery special sealant to make the fissile material known as American Homes has teflon. One thing and very sad about the fact the atomic age is sending is the bombs were very beautiful. So let look at 13 of them together, okay . I like to see one. Im sorry. So now we have the most dangerous experiment in the history of science in america. Enrico fermi who made the First Nuclear service having lunch in 1940 with his protege, he said he now, i dont know why we work on ticking vision on this because it will create so much he. You could merge hydergine nonintegrated fusion bomb and Edward Teller became so obsessed with the city spent the next 20 years of his life trying to create thermonuclear fusion weapons and he would sit at his desk and come up with on ideas. My favorite idea was sent and called the backyard bomb. This was a bomb that was so enormous that would kill so many people he didnt need to take intrepid on anybody. You could just set it off in your backyard. So here is Edward Tellers first test. This is the bikini atoll when the bikini was first introduced because the diffusion bonded a small and devastating. This is the brothel bomb, which was supposed to be four megatons and was sent 15 created a fireball for miles in diameter. The people who viewed it had been plenty of atomic bombs and theyd never seen anything like it. It is like watching a deceased overhead and it started snowing and it was radioactive fallout because it had an iterated the little island. One of the incredible side effects of all of this was it infected a japanese fishing boat called the lucky dragon fishing boat. One of the fisherman died on the way there before anyone figured out what had been annulled futuna acted was sold into the japanese market. Right after that happened, the movie godzilla came out. While many of us thought until it was funny because the special effects were so cheap in a secondhand update, many of the japanese watched it and i saw the movie is a both a monster america had inflicted on them with hiroshima, not the sake and not their own tuna fish. But their children were turning, too. Their descendents would you like to send many of the japanese couldnt sit through the whole thing. They would get so upset they would have to run out. Now, for those of you who are zen buddhists and are wondering when in this perfect lecture i will introduce a note of humility before the universe, here it is, a slide out of order. Many people a fast mean, isnt there a possibility they will be dirty bombs the terrorists will have Nuclear Bombs . You know, the worst terrorist attack in American History was done with rocks cutters in five months. I dont think the next step is Nuclear Science. However, this is something that could make you nervous, which is we have this huge number of atomic plans all over the continental United States. Some of these are where weapons are stored, some where weapons are produced and then all of these lines is the transportation of work. Since we dont have anywhere to dozing of Nuclear Materials, its 12 atomic plants have Nuclear Material sitting basically swimming pools such as fukushima is so if theres the freight about what terrorism, this is the. Now, one of the great secret to do after hearing this lecture and reading the book is the next time you see the movie, dr. Strangelove, instead of watching is a wacky comedy, wash it has been his tour documentary. A lot of it turns out to be true. One of the fundamental things with almost any time someone in the movie is ranting and raving about how dont worry, if we nuke your holocaust, only 20, 25 million americans will die if we can put the best and brightest in my chest. To women for every man we could repopulate the years. All of this is serious. The time to nuclear strategists, one of whom tried to tell cooper he deserved royalties because so much of his theories were used in the thingy part of the movie and he said it does not work that way. Every time in the movie you see the president of the United States and the head of the soviet union using a hotline, the hotline wasnt invented yet. In fact, a major part of the cuban missile crisis is there to translate cables back and forth laboriously and cables that needed to be read immediately were 11 hours story. During the Carter Administration from truman to carter, the Nuclear Strategy of united cases we are going to drop our entire arsenal on china and russia kill everybody and destroy everything. During the Carter Administration that we would only drop our weapons on the heads of the kremlin. They wrote this article on how well it was going to work and was caught decapitation. Theyre going to cut off the head. The soviet Government Read this and got upset. So they came up with the same where his missiles attack the soviet union and no word came from moscow, missiles or dogmatically fly back out and attack the United States. So the doomsday machine here and dr. Strangelove would actually come to pass 30 years later. If talk or strangelove visits to significant movie in atomic history, the most significant in atomic history as china century. I like to say american first learned about Nuclear Science and seen movies and pictures of the victims if youre wishing me a nagasaki and they learned about atomic power plants were at threemile island meltdown at the same time as the china syndrome was in the. You have Walter Cronkite announcing the could be the end of the world is happening in pennsylvania while jane fonda is giving a Powerpoint Presentation that have Nuclear Power plants work and descended that happens it could destroy the area the size of pennsylvania. Because of this, disco with immense launched the biggest series of protests in the United States, which called the native 1 Million People in central park in this release that Nuclear Power dead. We get 20 of our electricity and that is still obligated now. A long time ago, for many, many years we were told that dropping the atomic arms ended world war ii, that it kept us from having 1. 5 million troops to invade the home islands because of terrible tragedy and carnage that way about was the only thing that got the japanese to surrender. And now we dont think thats true anymore. We think that the japanese to surrender was the soviets said they were going to come in on our side of that war instead help the japanese be fishing the settlement and the japanese saturday last 61 and 62. Didnt matter that much. The idea to drop the bomb was to terrify stalin. So he can assert it to do and that hiroshima and not the sake were not the end of world war ii. They are the beginnings of the cold war and we now believe the end of the cold war was because when chernobyl exploded and caught the size of 400 jewish humans broke the soviets to do since belief in the government is being competent and trustworthy. Both gorbachev and shevardnadze he believed that this is what ended the soviet union. It ended with a nuclear holocaust. The extraordinary pain is the fact the first of all, the reason why creating such a horrible cloud is that they changed the roof of it so they can make both electricity and warheads with the same power play at and it all became a statistic or safety idea. They are going to see if they could run down the plant well enough, if they could restart it without any problems and the u. N. And that has been three decades studying chernobyl may figure it out 75 people died. Either plant workers are firsters ponders and the others for their teenage children and families who didnt evacuate the south and he drank the milk of contingency of cows and got cancer of the thyroid. Speaking a little closer to home, fukushima is an amazing story since the plant actually survived the incredible earthquake in wouldve survived the tsunami except they kept their backup batteries in the basement. That was the only flaw in this. What happened was they had to battle three different problems at the same time. They had hydrogen gas explosion in the atmosphere. They have reactors six loading and they also had the schooling tanks with you use fuel. So it came from three different directions. At one point, one of the most frightening names in the book is learning how the head of utility called the tour is that theres nothing we can do. We are evacuating the plant. We are giving a. But the young site manager insists on Going Forward and he came up with the system at the fukushima 50 were 400 recycled in and out of the plane, many of whom are the equivalent of day laborers figure higher the parking lot of kosko or work for decrease when it annuity then reset their dosimeters because if they got too high of a reading there would be pulled out of the workforce. So they would hide how much they were getting and they were the ones who said this to be a global holocaust. If anyone has any two of the Atomic Energy lab, it comes at my favorite device, which is a supersaturated fog and you can actually see subatomic particles moving around in a fog. I say that we are seeing the end of the atomic age and i like this picture is the symbol of that. This first came out as a comic book that Elementary Schools would fight to get their children to learn about the history of atomic age. Its about this little boy named andy played with his dog and the dog runs off into the Nevada Test Site and they find the dog after a week covered in reviewing the dust. During this time in an ignorance about the wonders of Nuclear Power and nuclear medicine. Here he is reunited where the back is still continuing. So this image was originally this educational magazine the children were supposed to read. And it became the horrific picture a nuclear winter, sorted indianas dog was the last survivors of nuclear war. Now you can buy it as a humorous mousepad. Now its a joke. I think that history is fantastic. There is a terrible story and all terrible story and all of this in the fact that all this time weve been worried about eating contaminated by being attacked by an atomic bomb, in fact, the biggest danger to americans comes from the test done in nevada, which is now contaminacontamina ted the entire continental United States and 11,000 americans die every year are not left over pollution. But there is a little bit of good news in all of this. One of the pieces of good news is we spent a number of decades studying the survivors of hiroshima and nagasaki. I would imagine that they would have 50 higher cancer rates than normal comes amid higher cancer rate. Instead, all of a sudden the only of 1 higher. All of this is sort of mix. The atomic age is even now if i had to comment rather than the next two Nuclear Power plant than a coal power plant if i had to. Every time we have one of these disasters happen, the government to become a do such a terrible job managing it but they lost either political campaign. Not to build a Nuclear Power plant, to maintain dates if something goes wrong, you need government subsidies and he was going to go for that. Unless there is a possibility of a technological breakthrough and i hope there is one because we cant keep using petrochemicals. California now has air pollution imported from china, and i really wish there was a technological breakthrough, but i dont think theres going to be one. I think nuclear is on the way out. As far as power goes. As far as atomic bombs go, the United States and the soviet union bent over 5 trillion in nuclear arms and the last time anyone used nuclear arms was hiroshima and nagasaki. Every time somebody gets nuclear arms, everyone gets nervous about it, but they never get used. Even stalin never used Nuclear Bombs. In fact, there is a fantastic conundrum in the alfred nobel, whose oil fortune out of the prize for this great dream in life was to create one that was so powerful that its a war is obsolete yet many people believed the teller with his backyard bomb ideas came up with that idea that in fact the whole reason the cold war state called was because everyone had nuclear arms. When reagan met with thatcher and said my great dream is to abolish all the Nuclear Weapons companies that are you crazy . What you think is keeping us from world war iii . That everyone has Nuclear Weapons. One of the great conundrums of the cold worship a teller at other creators of the atomic weapon get the Nobel Peace Prize for keeping us at peace with atomic weapons. I dont want to leave you on this terribly sad story. Remember when we first got together talking about marie curies boyfriend and all that fun stuff and how los alamos was the name of the tree they need to canyon after . In fact where i grew up in texas, we also had an alamo, which was a church also named for the elastic on the radio someone asked me what was your first child of memory . I remembered when i was a little boy lisa had these very these very strange dreams about the alamo where i was hoping that people escape their doom, but there is sort of the spiritual thing going on. It was a very weird dream that i couldnt figure out what was going on. When i was a teenager i went back to visit the alamo when i went around the corner and there assisting attacks, the memorial for everyone who had died. And on it was this fantastic angel carrying the honor of the data to heaven. Now my job is in his story when i tell you a great story about marie curie that brings her alive for when i hope remember someone has forgotten, like lisa meitner, i made being a angel than that little boys truth has come true. And for that time and attention, i thank you kindly. [applause] does anyone have any questions . Yes, sir. Okay. I havent done this before. When you said about world war iii, many people said mutual assured destruction saved us from world war iii is, such as the u. S. And the soviet union or pakistan against india. But other people feel that actually we are mighty lucky. The cuban missile crisis of 1983 and 1995. So where do you come down on this area . Do you feel that we were lucky or that really didnt give us from world war iii . I think both are true. One of the most frightening moment in the book is when brzezinski, carters security adviser is spoken up in the middle of the night and told the soviet union has attacked and they are in the missiles. He waits half an hour to get the confirmation call and they call him and say its true that its much worse than we originally thought. We thought it was 120 missiles in its 12,000 missiles. So we sit in there and hes not even going to wake up his wife because theyll be dead in a couple minutes. As he reaches over to call carter a 4 00 in the morning, the phone rings again. Somebody made a steak. We put in the training tapes. This happens over and over again with the soviets circumvent that we are attacking them and its keys where we are convinced were under attack in this weather balloon. The bombers have the next and then they dropped their payload in the middle of the desert. So we are extremely lucky. Another terrifying one is during the reagan administration, we ran this nato wargame called able archer and the soviets, the kgb had developed an entire erie that we were going to use wargames as a cover for attacking. England have the queen prepares speech on how england was going to respond now that atomic missiles are falling out england penalties for science to the kgb that we were going to attack them and that is why the airline was brought down because that wandered into areas he says they achieved their total paranoia from having these. Yes. He has the mic. Okay. You touched on this when you spoke on where you prefer to live. The fact is people perceive risk irrationally and behave irrationally regarding what his wrist he relatively speaking. Hundreds of thousands of people each year, even with lower higher pollution standards in various countries die from emphysema and other respiratory problems induced by particulates from fossil fuels. I could go on and on. If a bus goes over enough, it makes news. If 100 automobiles are the involved in fatal collisions it does not make news. The reality is that Nuclear Plants are a much better deal for civilization. Yes, i agree with you. In fact, at chernobyl of the u. N. Says 75 people died, i had their biggest u. N. Critics as know this is wrong. At the 16,000 people died and then i point out how in the u. S. 16,000 die every year from pollution caused by using coal. But i still feel when you have a situation like threemile island, where in fact they couldve used that to prove that the design of the reactors we havent the United States are safe because Nothing Happened to anybody from threemile island. They couldnt even do that. Every time we have one of these disasters, it is so mishandled at the public feels no sense of safety and happiness go down so theres no political will power even though i agree about the truth of the fatalities. Yes, yes, yes. As i recall and i am 72 years old a few decades ago. Unless im mistaken to the president was, they didnt realize it was still being and it horrified the women with children in moscow when they played. That kind of went around the world for about a week and told doctors and women in canada were peeling. If this is going to blow us up six times and theres not going to be any living thing, what are we going to stop producing these weapons at the end of the cold war because the rationale is nothing and no one is going to stay alive. Absolutely. One of my favorite on the notebook is when i have jerome weiss, kennedys ninth circuit advisor and he says in order to wipe addicott it completely, we need about 300 atomic weapons and at that moment which was 1962, with 2300 atomic weapons and we only have seven cant its ability to wipe out five of the. Yes, exactly. Who has the money . I could repeat questions, too. [inaudible] i couldnt hear. Data can. You have mentioned a statistic, Something Like 1000 people had cancer. Now, 1 . Why was it so minimal . Because apparently it takes a massive amount of exposure for you to actually have cancer affects the radiation from a much more than any of us wouldve imagined. Youre basically saying if one of us, two of us are 10 of us would have more of a chance of getting cancer actually, theres radioactive polonium in tobacco. In daytoday life, thats your most dangerous method of getting radioactivity is by smoking. When i told you about the lowfat atoms splitting things up, the subatomic particles are too fat to penetrate your skin. Thats why theres all those scenes of meryl streep writing in agony as then scrub her job. They are watching the radiation away. If you out of fukushima type event and he didnt inhale and he didnt, he does follow any in come you could take a shower and be okay. Not sitting there on top of the react to her, but nearby. [inaudible] work of the plants that emit the radium on clocks. I remember my parents having those clocks. You can see them in the dark. They the brushes because it worked better. Every single one of those people died 10 years later 12 years later because they were doing that every day, the brush. Yes, they were sharpening brushes with their mouth in using the radiation is make up. Those were the first people to sue their employer for a safe working conditions in that case became the foundation of osha, occupational safety. I studied eisenhower and truman politics. [inaudible] on cairo treaty. It is believed the second for a world for us to make sure the third world were never happened. The reason is because routine was so hesitant about joining the allies are joining the other side because they knew when the war ended with the atomics, britain would find it paid the bulk of the destruction in germany. Thats why they went almost bankrupt. They lost one third of their colonies and give up colonialism after world war ii. My question is this america comes out through a stage like a speech. To truman give his speech . I dont believe theres the United Nations to your church to give up league of nations and invaded. Japan gave up on lake of nations. And that caused the first world war. So what is american price for dropping atomic bombs on hiroshima . Britt lost one third of her colonies and gave the colonialism. What is americans price . You mean the cost of creating quite question one, this american president how this feature the second question is what is americans price in pain for the bomb quite you mean monetary price or emotional price . The Atomic Bomb Program cost 2 billion, but the program to make the plane to drop the bomb caused the teen billion dollars. So that is one of the funniest ironies about all of this, that it costs a lot more to make it plain that could carry the bomb at a cost to make the actual bomb. Im not sure about the speech. Truman is not one of my favorite president for this decisionmaking behind the dropping of the bomb. I dont know why he had to drop two of them. But eisenhowers offense has a fascinating president and one of the reasons why she started to encode atoms for peace, which was to ask for peaceful use of Atomic Energy and not have it just for military announced with a drag to create Nuclear Power plants began in this part of our trade to make it to the japanese for their effect get to know we can subatomic power plants. I was part of the apology. [inaudible] hitler started his division right away. World war i, do. European theater. But it says when the bomber struck june 12th in japan, the japanese didnt even know. How is that possible . It wasnt dropped in europe. The rethinking of some emails. It was only dropped in japan. [inaudible] then that tells you to be careful what you read on the internet. Anyone else . Hold on. Somebody else has a mic first. When it comes to power plants using Nuclear Power, what are your thoughts on the prospect of fusion power . Its a big project in europe going on and it sounds impossibly complex. Not in the near future. It also sounds wildly dangerous, too as they are greedy little tiny stars on the face of the earth. But the theory behind it is fantastic and if it ever works, it will be the greatest that ever happens to us because we have Terrible Energy problems. In fact, if any of you are tinkering the basement of grudges, tinker on energy because we need help in this prospect. Right now china is working on something called the pebble bed or is where the discarded at the graphite and the concept is if something happens that cant cause any trouble. It cant cause any fallout as any fallout kazoo immediately extinguishes elson china is terribly polluted from petroleum. I would be a tremendous help for us all. Then bill gates is supported something called the traveling water react to, nuclear tuesday would have at your house. I dont understand the people designing the seven released a lot of the details. It is safe dirty five Nation Coalition building in this outfit for a than anyone who wants to look into it kien. Lawrence livermore and the United States has been trying to create fusion since 1955 something called the National Nation sitting in for the First Time Since then, theyve created some in that creates more electricity than it cost to make it. So they did make this brief tour. So my fingers are crossed because we need something that happened. I have a question. Ive always been wondering why the u. S. Soviet union in china, these three countries are afraid of each other. Chinas russia and the u. S. Is afraid of the u. S. And china. What is paranoid among these three countries quite thats a very good question. In fact, in this history of the book when you read the book, no matter what, the u. S. Or the soviet union or china do, and makes everyone else more hysterical. The cuban missile crisis makes America Military hysterical that they were able to sneak missiles and right under our noses. So that means we need even more Nuclear Weapons and amid the soviets hysterical that americans needed more Nuclear Weapons. Every evil thing triggers. Theres a great churchill quote that after his certain amount of Nuclear Material, all you are doing is making the bubble baths. Up your alley no matter what happened, as they thought they was more bound team. They didnt care if it was rubble. They just needed more bound. There is a fantastic quote or one of the vote that the pentagon going over the war plans. But you know, every event space on attacking the soviet union and china together. What if china has nothing to do with the . The guy running it since i sure hope it doesnt happen because that will really up our plan. Okay, yes, maam. So we know at night to go with the uranium i want to know about us. We are all over the place their computers. Youve got one affair. Rb slowly getting cancer from all of these cell phones and gadgets people have around a nice . Surrounding a . So, for example, the to wish you can get it are by sunburn, by getting cancer through sunburn, the sun is a kind of radiation, and i having radon in your basement. All of you who have basements need to check your basement for radon. From smoking, theres radioactive in tobacco. Its pretty much it. You dont have to worry about fukushima and you dont have to worry about these other things or computers or anything like that. You wont have to worry about the basement and the sun and smoking. [inaudible] well, thats not good if youre surrounded by lots of smokers. A little bit. Yes, you are. [inaudible] yes, exactly. If youre under an unusual, if youre under an unusual medical situation and youre getting lots of different diagnostics and you dont have one doctor, a personal physician who is overseeing all of these things, you need to add them up in your head. Yes, youre right. Good point. Are there any prospects of the fukushima problem being resolved rather than being a serialized tv movie unfolding week after week, month after month . They are doing this wild thing. Theyre putting in these giant pipes of coolant to freeze the ground. So theyre trying to freeze the area around it, and then they will have a no mans land like they have at chernobyl. They think this technology is going to keep it from leaking off into the ocean some more or leaking into the rest of japan anymore. And i hope that history. I hope that resulted. But the amazing thing is that they have an open air laboratory going on in chernobyl, and what they are finding is dramatically less than we would expect. So, for example, they have barn swallows that have a higher rate of, a certain percentage of the barn swallows have smaller brains than normal, and a higher percentage are albino a normal. But its not affecting the population as a whole. They will find moose bones are widely radioactive, meaning the wolf eight these widely radioactive moose, mice, anyway, but the Wolf Population doesnt seem to be affected. But the really, what the disturbing think thats really affected is the bacteria that churns the garbage of the dead biological waste into mulch, thats been cratered. So its not mulching like it should, the area around chernobyl, the force, isnt he came like it should. Yes, yes. [inaudible] i think were having more [inaudible] from people who didnt care about where yes. Weve got lots of cancer going on right now. Hole pockets of it. Thats what shes talking about, toxic. Theres a famous madman episode where the family goes on a picnic and they just throw all their trash in the park and pick up and leave with all the trash sitting there, i think that explains a lot of what were still living with today with the toxic chemical. And washington with a critical tone. That is one of the most polluted places. Both the soviet union and the United States put a lot of its military Nuclear Waste in metal oil drums and dumped it in the ocean. So now the islands off San Francisco, they have like radioactive coral because they have Nuclear Waste dumped there. I just want to Say Something else because im older than a lot of other people here. The league of nations put such a heavy war debt on germany that when hitler won the election, people were working 14 hours a day in factors. I heard that from german immigrants from all over, and thats how he got elected is, he was breaking the backs of the people. And when hiroshima was bombed, the emperor was contacted by us and he did not give up. Then when mccarthy came in he did want to repeat the mistake of the league of nations. He demanded a beautiful rebuilding of japan. Look whats happened as a result. They are one of the most beautiful places in the world. There isnt a world war i and world war ii, it is one big war with a break. Thats the sort of current military thinking about world war i and world war ii. [inaudible] so is the nuclear age over . And should it be . Well, i wish it wasnt but i think it is over. I think we are seeing the falling apart of it now that, you know, you do not, you know, we are worried about iran having a Nuclear Device but thats the only nation weve been worried about for a long time. It is like, you would think with the fall of the soviet union, ukraine would want one and cant extend would want one and uzbekistan but what one. But it actually isnt happening. Weve already lived through, you know, stalin and mao did kill tens of names of people without dropping a single Nuclear Device. Weve already lived with probably the worst people dont have Nuclear Weapons. [inaudible] well, i think every time we have an accident it so grossly mismanaged that they destroy the political willpower to maintain Nuclear Power. And so im very i myself am very glad that china and vietnam, for example, are building a lot of Nuclear Plants. Because it would be a great benefit to the world to have them use less coal and more nuclear. But i think in the developing countries, it seems to be on its last legs, and less we have a technological breakthrough that makes it both safe and costeffective. Yes, maam. [inaudible] will shouldnt always be afraid of nuclear. Yes. Ninth avenue on the west side, a lot of people, a lot of the restaurants have put up signs, our seafood is not come from japan. Some of them did go out of business. Then to the lady right there, when we were in school we were taught that Winston Churchill before he was hit by a taxi had to promise roosevelt that they would give up their colonies in order to get the american support for entering the war. They really were afraid. Yet. Well, if i was a naked, pregnant woman i wouldnt eat fish i caught myself off the shores of fukushima. But other than that, we actually had remember that enormous bump i showed you, this carries extreme and of all time, a huge explosion in the water . We actually had someone return to the Bikini Island in the submersible to test it for radiation, and we assumed they would be a lot of radiation all over bikini because they had one bomb after another blow up there. This wasnt a power plant building down. This was nuclear, huge Nuclear Devices being exploded. And, in fact, the only radiation they could find was in the sandstone tombstones of the islanders, that the rest of it has been sort of dispersed by the affects of the ocean. So our fears of fukushima water coming and intimidating us arent anywhere near as bad as mercury poisoning in fish already. Okay, thank you very much. [applause] [inaudible conversations] did you have a good time . Good, okay. Yes, i know. Im sorry. Wed like to hear from you. Tweet us your feedback, twitter. Com booktv. We are at the Henry Wallace life center which is 50 miles south and west of des moines. This is the birthplace home of henry a. Wallace. A wallace is up i will consist of three generations of wallaces. The patriarch was known fondly as uncle henry, and he was the founder of wallaces former magazine. His son henry c. Wallace was just secretary of agriculture under woodrow wilson, and henry henrys son was born his farm in 1888. He went on to become editor of wallaces former magazine. He was been asked by Franklin Roosevelt to serve as u. S. Secretary of agriculture which he did for eight years from 19331941. In 19411945 he was roosevelts Vice President. As u. S. Secretary of agriculture, he is known for the agricultural adjustment act, which was the first time that farmers were asked not to produce. At first people couldnt believe the things that he was proposing regarding that, but then as prices went up they started to listen to him. And people still refer to him today as the genius of secretary of agriculture. Explore the history and literary life of des moines, iowa, today at 2 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan3. Up next, investing in iowa, the life and times of f. M. Hubbell. He spoke with booktv during a recent visit to des moines with help of our cable partner media. He was probably the most important businessman in the late 19, early 20s century for des moines. He found most of the real estate in the Industrial District south of the downtown area. He developed loss of buildings in the downtown area. Maybe most important, f. M. Hubbell set up a trust in 1902 for all of its properties, and that trust said that most of the properties could not be sold during the existence of the trust. The property that could be sold, the money had to be reinvested in des moines. So what that did was keep the hubble bee name intimate and ket the hubbell family in des moines. Thats one of his public legacies that five generations of hubbells have remained very closely tied to the city. F. M. Hubbell came to des moines in 1855. As a youngster, his dad came out to speculate on land. After his dad bought land and sold them at the mobile told him he wanted to stay. He had started working of the des moines federal land office. From the beginning of a 16yard he began he became the wealthiest men in iowa. Utilities development, land development, railroads and Insurance Companies. It was an accident that hubbell got into land development. We need came out with his father, he did know how long he would be an iowa. He wanted to get a job and make money, and the only place to get the job was the federal land office. He loved the experience. He loved all the excitement and the thought that was real potential to make money. He was on connecticut and he didnt see a real future in connecticut. When his dad said i want to go back home, asked him, he went by fm, his name is frederick merion hubbell. Fm said i would like to say at his debts it okay. He gave him a 5 gold piece ad thats bad with him and fm state in des moines. He left des moines a year after he came. His job at the federal land office is only a year. He went to sioux city to work in the land office there in the branched off on his own need he became a friend agent. He wanted to get back to des moines. The civil war had started and a partner in one of the law firms he was interested in working for went to be in the regiment. The firm became polk and hubbell. He was criticized by some for not volunteering for the support. Many democrats did this of course, and some democrats were using copperheads are antiwar prosentiment. I dont live fm hubbell was prosouthern. He just wasnt interested in fighting. And like rockefeller for instance, like jay rockefeller, i mean john d. Rockefeller, rather, a lot of businessmen did not join to fight the civil war and they made a lot of money during the civil war. So f. M. Hubbell is one of those. He does not go and fight and does pretty well. He made a lot of money buying distressed properties, which is true. During the financial crisis of 1857 he realized he could make a lot of money if he spent all of his available cash on land, at sheriffs sales and foreclosed property. A lot of people felt that was a bottom dwelling type of strategy, but he did that. He went almost broke buying up distressed properties. But when the economy turned around after the civil war he made a lot of money. After he went into real estate, he was now working for the polk and double law firm and his specialty was real estate. But they also realized that you partners with lots of opportunities in the railroad develop and. Moy did not have a Great Railroad connection, and polk and hubbell began to sponsor railroads the connected to the bigger standard rooms that were running through iowa. They also considered Life Insurance as a business but it would be a great way, they thought, to make money lending. They could take money in at 4 and lend it out at 10 . That was hubbells idea so he put together a group of investors and they started the equitable Life Insurance of iowa in 1867, the first Life Insurance company west of the mississippi. He became one of the Biggest Industries in des moines and a star with the equitable Life Insurance company of iowa. Once f. M. Solid others saw opportunities and Insurance Companies started moving into des moines. Bankers life with starting 1869 or so. That became the principal company. Other Insurance Companies follow. There with synergy and having expertise in insurance. I think the most important move was the creation of the Equitable Life of iowa. The railroads were poorly important to help bring more business and people to des moines. But the equitable about became a major insurance company, and when it was sold to ing, it was sold for 2. 2 billion in 1997. So it really a crude great value over the years. Des moines but not be the way it is without the hubbell business influence but also the hubbells philanthropic efforts. The hubbells have given millions and millions of dollars throughout the city. I think one of the things thats so impressive with a hubbells is the families continued to hand the business down throughout generations. Businesses are very difficult to continue been one or two generations and the hubbells have done it for four or five generations. For more information on booktvs recent visit to des moines and the many other cities visited by our local content vehicle go to cspan. Org localcontent. Next on booktv, jo becker talk about the history of the fight for Marriage Equality in the tiny. This is about an hour and 10 minutes. Good morning. A lot of movies so we can start of the late. I want to start by thinking a couple people. I want to thank, not people, what you think the monitor for sponsoring this event. I want to thank red river theatre for this terrific concord venue for a place to hold this or and want to thank Michael Herman from gibsons for turning out. You may have noticed when you walked in, yes books in the lobby, and joe will stick around to sign some afterwards i hope youll take advantage of that. I also want to thank jo for coming all of it off the main circuit that Book Publishers put you on to come to concord. Of course, she also came to see some old friends because thats one of things that happens when you work as a reporter in concord. You meet a lot of people and they stay friends for a long time. So what is a just and introduction i think probably youve read all a bit about this in the monitor, but i want to say by way of introduction, just talk a little bit about jo and my experience with the when i was editor at the monitor. At some point during that time she decided that she wanted to leave the monitor. Shed a nice office in the st. Petersburg times, but i wanted to of all the reporters i reckon i dont think anybody ever struggled as much with that decision as jo did. Because she had such a great loyalty to concord and the monitor. Should have such a what will do as a reporter here. We were of course used to reporters coming here, staying a few years and moving on to larger papers. But joking in a talk to me about this two or three times before she finally decided to take the offer from the st. Petersburg times. And then about two or three years later after she had won all kinds of awards for investigative reporting at the st. Petersburg times, she called me again and said she had an offer from the Washington Post and what did i think. Should she take that all it should she stay at the st. Petersburg times . She felt terribly loyal to the times. They had treated her right. She got to do many great stories, and should she take this job at the post. A couple years after that, she got an offer from the New York Times. And she didnt call me. [laughter] she just took the job. So shes done wonderful work there. Along the way of course i think some of you know she won the Pulitzer Prize for a series on Vice President cheney, investigative reporting, investigative profile of the Vice President of the United States. And may be laid on, were here to talk about another subject, but maybe later ill we can ask or a little bit about dick cheney since hes back in the news recently for evaluating president obamas iraq policy. So what were here to talk about his book called forcing the spring which is about the Incredible Movement toward Marriage Equality in the United States. And i say incredible because in all the time ive been in the news, ive never seen a civil rights issue move so fast. Never seen a thing in chains so quickly. It was just a remarkable thing. My job tonight is to ask a few questions to get the conversation going, and then were going to turn the questioning over to you. So why dont i just start by getting jo to explain why so what a great job as an Investigative Reporter at the New York Times takes all bunch of time off to write a book . So i actually was in between two big investigations, and i picked up the paper one day and our San Francisco bureau, the new consumers to skip your had a story about ted olson who of course the lawyers that thought each other over the presidency in bush v. Gore in 2000. Joining together to file this case. It was the First Federal constitutional challenge to samesex marriage bans. Is this on . Sorry about that. It was the first challenge, a federal challenge, to samesex marriage ban. And i thought to myself, however titles, this conservative, liberals love delayed because he of course said one bush v. Gore, how he came to take this cause, thats got to be interesting to i said i know this is a sort of my noble normal fare but im interested. Id like to do. Im in between projects anyway and the second im the only person that ted olson would probably talk to at the new times because he hates it. I had gotten to know them over the years i covered bush v. Gore. I did all the background dirt at the Washington Post on george bushs Supreme Court nominees. I got to know him a little more. He also shouldve figured and the kind of interesting way, and cheney an can have one of the fw lawyers is willing to stand up and tell cheney and his lawyer, ma you cant go to the Supreme Court until the Supreme Court is not any right to review your policies and these people cant even have lawyers. That was interesting to me because ted olson was only person who lost and that high ranking bush of mr. Shiptoship collection lost someone, his wife was on board one of those flights. And so i called him and said i want to do this story. I did a story and i couldnt let it go. It was a really audacious thing theyre doing. It was a controversial thing that they did. There was a lot of people who believed at the time that the country was not ready, and more importantly, the Supreme Court wasnt ready. I described in the book this one scene where they planned this lawsuit in secret and they finally kind of let in, they invited some of