Credits: Photo: Andrew Logan Caption: By running current through this mortar sample made with nanocarbon-doped cement, Chanut and Soliman were able to warm it to 115 F (see thermometer display on the right). Credits: Photo: Andrew Logan Caption: Researchers tested the mechanical properties of their samples by using scratch tests. The results of the testing can be seen on the surfaces of the samples. Credits: Photo: Andrew Logan Next image Since its invention several millennia ago, concrete has become instrumental to the advancement of civilization, finding use in countless construction applications — from bridges to buildings . And yet, despite centuries of innovation, its function has remained primarily structural.