>> historically, executions were very ugly, hangings, electrocution, and so one of the goals of the state, now, is that it looks calm and peaceful. >> to a great degree, the lethal injection regime has much more to do with the witnesses than it has to do with the condemned. the witnesses weren't seeing the condemn writhe or cough or choke or snort. >> the challenge with lethal injection was finding executioners with the medical skills to do the job. >> today in the united states, it violates ethical codes for physicians to be involved. so usually the people who are involved in the executions are not physicians. and they're not properly trained to do an iv insertion, much less an execution. >> over the years, the issue of medical training led to numerous mistakes, but a watershed moment came in 2009, with the case of ramel broom in ohio.