ah ah, ah ah ah, ah ah ah. the massacres perpetrated during the crusades to the 1st large wave of deadly violence against europe's jewish communities. ah, abandoned with emptiness yet from the 12 and 13 centuries on that was the period when the entire situation of the jews turned into a condition, a condition of stigmatization and inferiority jo industrial haley is the buck the smaller from that moment, told to some extent the jews were accused of being servants of evil and were used as the reason to explain everything. what was wrong in the world should be starting in the 11th century, western christianity aimed to convert as many people as possible. but above all the church. so to assert itself in the public sphere, it would go on to old to the landscape from the ground up. at basil did william presumes shack starting in the 12th and 13th century. christianity began to spread and all of europe that was under the influence of rome, built a network of churches and abbey. ah, we have um, a building and artistic revolution. um, we have a monkey road, a chronicle about the year 1030. and he said it seemed like all of europe was be being covered with a white mantle of churches with all this surplus wealth on church leaders. and residents of church. cities can ported and constructing grand new churches. and cathedrals, churches are much bigger and they're painted very brightly. ah, by the early 13th century western christianity had spread over a large territory over which pope innocent the 3rd had sold spiritual authority. innocent, the 3rd led the most powerful institution in the middle ages and sought to claim his supremacy over all other rulers in the realm. in 1213, he called the 4th latter and council, which convened in 1215. it was attended by some 1500 bishops alberts and priors, and envoys of european kings who took positions on all political matters of the time. intent on extending the authority of the church, the pope sought to centralize all religious discourse. and he saw the close proximity between jews and christians as a threat before the year, 1000. you could not look at a jewish person and identify that person. and as jewish, they looked no different. they have the same facial features. they're wearing the same clothing. they're all bareheaded. they're all clean shaven. there is no difference relief. did you choose would just like everybody else speaking the same language is dressing exactly like everybody else. so nothing can be used to identify them. so jews and christians would associate with one another, mary and christians could even end up being buried in the jewish cemetery. this was perceived as a huge threat to christians. was people themselves didn't even to find themselves as jews or christians around. they were defined by others before choose had to be make visible or they needed to be identified as the enemy to be identified as something to be rejected. i washed it with in daily life. there was little to distinguish a christian from a jew. so christianity set out to create one is all the sudden you start seeing visual devices, what we call eigen a graphical devices. symbols for representing jews. you start gradually to see jewess singled out as visually distinctive in christian art. first pointed hats were placed on their heads, then they were portrayed is shorter and with darker skin tones. one of the symbols that many people nowadays think is eternal. and sometimes they even think it's natural and understandable. is this so called jewish knows the hooked nose or the bumble nose um, before about the year? 11. 60 no one anywhere associated jews with any kind of nose. one of the projects i set myself is to try to understand when and where was this idea born? what i find here in paris at the louvre on the top of a small box, which was maybe a relic wary holder. and the image is jesus being nailed to the cross and you see a jew with the big, hooked nose is looking the wrong way, meaning he's looking away from christ, not at christ. ah, this 1st depiction of a jew with a hooked nose dates back to 1170 and to germany, nic alone, ah, decades after decades, image after image this hooked to knows became a marker to identify jews in medieval art. the big nose makes them look like animals. it would say something about those characters, a negative character, an evil character, or just a character who is supposed to be made fun of would have a great big, crooked nose. art doesn't just reflect reality. art creates thinking that in fact, jews were pointed hats an art before they were pointed hats and real life. pope innocent, the 3rd wanted this distinction between jews and christians, to go beyond imagery and simple iconography. at the end of the latter and council, he called for a clear separation between jews and christians. in the public sphere, he instructed the cardinals to inform the rulers of christian kingdoms that they were to require jews to wear. a distinctive symbol on their closing these instructions remained unheeded, as rulers had not yet realised that an alliance with the church could consolidate their own power. inwardly gleese and clean, i do presumptuous, due for the laws of the church, began taking on more weight as rulers and emperors began wanting to establish themselves, assault france, and emperors of the unified christian nation. here law, i'm the idea was to legitimize royal power through divine authors. all, no toys did gina us with the ha, by she, the ruler can simply be removed after all, people can revolt against them react their decisions and decide that a new rule is needed to this young. but once royal power incarnate, the divine word to him, tomorrow he can't rebel against, gosh, cat, on the left behind, given on perpetual hey billy, what would you in 1249 in paris, king louis the 9th of france was the 1st ruler to grasp the benefits of an alliance between secular and chat, chill, sorority. saint louis as he also came to be known was the 1st christian sovereign to acquiesce to pope innocent. the third's will, on his odors copies of the time, would the central text of rabbinical judaism and jewish law was seized and burned. the town. mood stood accused of blaspheming jesus and christianity, and inciting jews to practise human sacrifice. to settle the issue. louis the 9th convened a debate in the disputation of paris, as it came to be known. rabbi yeah, he'll of paris and 3 other distinguished rabbis represented the jewish side. they faced nikolai donna, a jewish convert to christianity, yet here left behind a record of the event. they say that jesus is damned to burn in hell. ah, jesus has never been the subject of such damnation or of such remarks. despite the opposition of several bishops, the jews were declared guilty. 24 cart loads full of manuscript copies of the town . mood was solemnly burnt. as the clergy and a large crowd looked on. the pope was quick to congratulate louis the 9th. the goal of uniting religious and royal authority had been achieved. awe for juice. this was a turning point 25 years later, louis the 9th took his anti jewish policies a step further. he enacted one of the latter and counsels demands the separation of jews and christians. in the public sphere, jews were instructed to wear a yellow circle on their closing, called to roundhill. at the time, yellow was considered the color of the devil. louis the ninth's anti jewish policies were imitated by other christian countries. the roundup was implemented in italy. the conical heart in germany and to white stripes in england, policies, prohibiting jews together in public corps, enacted overtime, jews who are increasingly forced to live in separate waldorf areas. foreshadowing the ghettos of the future jews no longer had the right to acquire land holdings or to carry arms in many european kingdoms. they were excluded from most professions. some of the few professions still open to jews, included money lending and tax collection. unpopular professions, often forbidden to christians, as being impure lizard constitute in minority juice constituted a minority that was to some extent, the intermediary between the wealthy and the outcast. all cradle between the powerful and the subjugated, said. yet they exercised certain functions. that rulers didn't want that people doing so jews were very useful, a dorky from kaiser to what power is essentially doing is it's creating a kind of subject class slaves. the jews are legally slaves. ah, and having them carry out roles that become despised in society. but it increased the power of kings send was one of the 1st places where jews were assigned to carry out these functions. in england, few 100 jews are active in royal money lending and tax collecting. but that activity, which only lasts for about 200 years, creates a way of thinking about judaism that lives on for centuries. ah, in a sheet me know, he did a tiny minority, had indeed apply to sit in social standing. so because of the publicity that had been spread about them to choose, were accused of having monopolized wealth and of having an unhealthy relationship to money market. if i agreed to help over melody for of a classroom. the earliest known anti jewish caricature is, i'm an english royal tax record from $1233.00 the sketch to pates most america, a money lender and his wife abigail during this period, the association of jews with money silly, defined as the centuries this notion would go on to become one of the most enduring anti semitic stereotypes, it also creates an enormous amount of resentment against jews as a group, as a group that is seen to be the leeches or blood suckers of princes. and so you, so to see new forms of popular violence by attacking the jews in 1190 in the city of york in northern england ango was brewing. people said crown was taxing them too heavily and setting overly high interest rates on borrowed money. on the 16th of march after king richard the 1st to departed on a crusade, a crowd attacked jews and their possessions. the victims took shelter in a tower of the royal castle. the sheriff had orders from the king to protect them, but the shower failed to protect them. a crowd gathered round, they burnt the tower down, and about $200.00 jews died. it's a notorious massacre sometimes called the 1st anti jewish pogrom. since the crusade attacks of the 19 days these riots show a lot of the kind of aspects of the logic of anti semitism and anti judaism. this is very common in men. in many societies in which you treat the jews as agents of power and attack them instead of power itself as a form of protest against power. ah, in the minds of many christians, the jews and the kings were partners in their suffering. we know something about the perpetrators. they were not peasants. they were not poverty stricken people. they were mostly gentry. so not only did they burn the jews, the next thing they did was they went to the royal chests, where the jews loan documents were stored and they burnt the jews live loan documents. this was clearly economically motivated. the very much masked in the language of religious piety that used returned to yoke, but from then on lived outside the city at roughly the same time throughout the continent, many jewish communities lost their role as the middle man between the east and the west. li could jasmine excellent easily. christians were dominant in a religious sense. they had expanded their influence and had strongholds practically everywhere, could fit with the commercially useful role, the jews had been relegated to thought began to diminish only of what was a more leisurely filter team of yet jews who once had been seen as useful, became almost superfluous. them all the functions that princess had assigned to jews, the part were taken over by locals by italians, the flemish people and by french citizens to people roughly to feel secure. that meant to choose were no longer a source of curing money or so there were no longer needed than a political speaking to come. also, the church could do what they wanted and expel them. in 1290 an edict was issued expelling all jews from england. this decree was copied all over the continent. within a few decades, dues were officially expelled from the kingdom of france and from german cities. dispossessed hundreds of thousands of french jews began to my great. they went to spain, the netherlands saw eastern europe for 4 centuries. hardly any jews lived in large parts of europe, but a few 1000 still remained in parts of france. ah, most of europe spent many centuries without any jews actually living within its borders. and its been a long time thinking about shoes in passion plays in theology and philosophy in law, not having any actual jews for that thinking to a fact ah 100 years after geez were expelled from france. the painter giovanni, kind of a c o was commissioned with decorating the our lady of the fountains chapel in a valley of the french alps. ah, and visual chief looking for soft, the da she dug, come of visio turned judas into the spiritual father of evil fiscal. well, we see a man who is no longer a man. you please. i know it's evil, it sold it. so hold are represented by the child full to the devil, but on so now the hideous race is reminiscent of the anti semitic caricatures of the late 19th century and of the nazis desi. ah, only the anti semitism it become a social illness. i trust people will let's i think choose we're no longer needed that they were evil because their credit, anything bad was jewish. keep so even in societies with no jews, audrey, that principal could always be drawn upon to question oh, in the bavarian village of obama, god residents have performed the passion play for nearly 400 years. ah because he really bobby, wasn't an o as late as the 19 ninety's jews were depicted. wearing devils horns in accordance with tradition when i read them at the debate. oh, it's been a bright pardon at all. oh, he would take many protests to this fiction to be removed from the play awe. in 14th century europe, the absence of jews in certain regions also helped to reinforce the demonization of other groups. dupes with all societies need, scape, gotcha, exposed to after the jews were expelled. there was a peak in the infamous which, hans, that were just as absurd. you ah, perfectly as you saw the family, seniority fab jews, and women and women and dukes good. they were interchangeable. really, if they were subjected to the same consequences of this need to project all evil on the shoulders of a social minority talked about. so may have been more women than 2 years or kids, but they were also deemed inferiority. they saw, you know, women were accused of the same things as jews. it's called apple making deals with the devil, becky, observing the sabbath, what you saw them. women were also depicted dressed like jews to some extent the t since the famous pointed hats warned by witches barbershop. what were inspired by the hat, jews were made to wear in the middle ages locked in these reform laid out it's get other interesting leave in countries where jews left that will not be on the iberian peninsula. for example, we believe there were very few which was just associate during this period. the iberian peninsula was home to several 100000, geez. at that time, spain was one of the parts of europe made up of christians, jews, and muslims. with. in the 14th century christians on the iberian penance yet i re concord most of the muslim roles territory is also helped to pass down the knowledge gained from antiquity and the eastern world that spanish society was imbued with a strong need for unity. the church sought to achieve this with the help of faith. the rulers of castiel and aragon did not wish to expel the jews from their kingdoms . they were far too useful to them. but in response to popular pressure, they sought to make them vanish without expelling or killing them. thus it forget ozium circle. towards the end of the 14th century, there was this increasing sentiment that it was time to put an end to the co existence of the various religious cultures. it go and create a more homogenous society. luigi the g. ah. in 1412, the most influential treat sharing castillo, vincent, fed air held large public sermons, which jews were forced to attend. he'd made it his mission to convert them to christianity i. his persuasive force also rested on his exhortations, condemning the violence and forced conversions that had accompanied a riot in seville some 20 years earlier. not, not that riot incited against the jews a few years ago. did not please god, we need to show them even greater sympathy, especially as jesus christ was jewish. the apostles who conquered the world did not carry lances. and if it could be said before, to leave it by, what is yo, i'm with these re book jews realized that they were being asked to convert that they also believe that they were being offered a false actual integration with boss. in other words, there was a reward for conversion with to see if you convert to christianity. you will have access to everything in society, margie. in other words, you can hope to become a fully fledged member of christian society reach. and this is exactly what happened. no jews began converting on mass mesh. ah, 20 percent of the jewish community remained and all the others had turned christian . so you might say that here you have a land that has achieved its dream of converting jews into christians. so now what does it do when that difference disappears when the jews have converted? as promised, converted geez, enjoyed the status of christians. within a few decades, some had even acquired high ranking positions across all areas of society. ah, e v, it was a success story. the converts were truly integrated into society and to a large extent, it was that very success that led to a backlash order battle. jews are converting to christianity. and some of those jews are going directly into high positions in the church. and one went from big a rabbi to the bishop of bergosa. and that bothered a lot of christians because he was down there as a jew. and all of a sudden he's up here above us. so we've got to think of some other way to marginalize him at the very moment that spain succeeds in converting its jews and that many of its converted jews seek to become christian. spain refuses them the past to for christianity. by deciding that once a jew, oh ways to some degree, a jew, never a fully good christian. ah. in 1449, toledo and some other localities adopted a law stating that jewish blood was impure. all christians with jewish ancestors, no matter how christian they were, had impure blood in their veins. the blood of those who had partaken in the crucifixion of christ this law on the purity of blood is considered the 1st racial law in history. race is our english word from the spanish were dresser. so you might say that that word race was born from this, from public and religious functions. from then on every one who sort of position of power had to prove they had no jewish ancestors in order to lay claim to purity of blood. no good. you know, see, oh, gotcha. good. or that is, you know, yeah. they carried out investigations in the villages and to the families of any candidates don't even 7 or 8 generations on a family could suddenly find itself in a precarious position of all that was needed was someone to suddenly remember or claim that an individual had jewish ancestors for their entire career to be interrupted or even ruined at your older lemme breezy. her religious authorities converted christian for an even greater source of anxiety than jews who were more easily identifiable. and indeed, for nearly a century, a small number of converts, cold mariners, had remained detached to judaism and continued to practice some jewish rituals in secret. and this became seen as an even greate