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Reconstruction and Its Aftermath The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. As a result, the mass of Southern blacks now faced the difficulty Northern blacks had confronted—that of a free people surrounded by many hostile whites. One freedman, Houston Hartsfield Holloway, wrote, “For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them.” Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, ...

Reply February 26, 2021 As we celebrate Black History Month, we should remember to acknowledge the many accomplishments of African Americans during Reconstruction and, more importantly, commit to better teach this era in our public schools. Subscribe Traditionally, Reconstruction — the period between 1865-1877 when the states that had seceded during the Civil War were reintegrated back into the Union — has been glossed over in middle and high school. To the extent the period is covered at all, students learn only that "carpetbaggers" from the North flocked to the former Confederate states...

INA'S INSIGHTS: A look at the United States election of 1876 Ina Michele Resnikoff / Columnist The Boston Globe’s columnist, Jeff Jacoby, is an excellent writer but generally much too conservative for me.  On Valentine’s Day, he published a heartwarming article about our 19th president , Rutherford Hayes. I like to think that as a student of American history, I know enough about the past to inform my current analyses of the events and ideas that shape our todays. But ….  Jacoby really got me thinking.  The basic decency and quiet courage of President Hayes in his stands on h...

Ex Parte Virginia was the third of three cases involving African American jury service that the Supreme Court decided on March 1, 1880. James D. Coles, a Pittsylvania County judge, was indicted on February 27, 1879, for refusing to allow African Americans to serve on juries. The federal grand juries that met in Danville and Lynchburg in February and March 1879 indicted judges from the following fourteen counties for violating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by barring African Americans from jury service: Amherst, Appomattox, Bedford, Botetourt, Buckingham, Campbell, Charlotte, Franklin, Fluvanna...

FULL TEXT U.S. Supreme Court Ex Parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339 (1880) 1. A., a judge of a county court in Virginia, charged by the law of that State with the selection of jurors to serve for the year 1878 in the circuit and county courts of his county, was, in the District Court of the United States for the Western District of Virginia, indicted for excluding and failing to select as grand jurors and petit jurors certain citizens of his county of African race and black color, who, possessing all other qualifications prescribed by law, were excluded from the jury lists made out by him as such of...