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Acton holds the Jessica T. Mathews Chair and is co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Underwater Chernobyl? In 1985, a Dying Submarine Poisoned Miles of Russian Territory In 1985, a Soviet submarine undergoing a delicate refueling procedure experienced a freak accident that killed ten naval personnel. Here's What You Need To Remember: The K-431 incident was one of several involving Soviet submarine reactors. Ten Soviet submarines experienced nuclear accidents, and one other, K-11, also suffered a refueling criticality. The U.S. Navy’s nuclear submarine fleet, by contrast, suffered zero nuclear accidents—not only during the Cold War but all the way up to the present day....

A 1985 nuclear mishap was a dark, and well-hidden, moment of Cold War history.  Key point: According to Nuclear Risks, the accident scene was heavily contaminated with radioactivity. In 1985, a Soviet submarine undergoing a delicate refueling procedure experienced a freak accident that killed ten naval personnel. The fuel involved was not diesel, but nuclear, and the resulting environmental disaster contaminated the area with dangerous, lasting radiation. The incident, which remained secret until after the demise of the USSR itself, was one of many nuclear accidents the Soviet Navy experie...

The K-431 incident was one of several involving Soviet submarine reactors.

China-U.S. Cyber-Nuclear C3 Stability April 08, 2021 Source: Getty Summary:  Cyber threats to nuclear command, control, and communications systems (NC3) attract increasing concerns. Carnegie and partners have developed a platform of unclassified knowledge to enable U.S.-China engagement on this issue. Related Media and Tools If you enjoyed reading this, subscribe for more! Thank you! About the Project This paper was produced through a three-year dialogue led by Carnegie and the Shanghai Institute for International Studies, with inputs and review provided by American and Chinese technical an...