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Cues conditioned to withdrawal and negative reinforcement: Neglected but key motivational elements driving opioid addiction


Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a debilitating disorder that affects millions of people. Neutral cues can acquire motivational properties when paired with the positive emotional effects of drug intoxication to stimulate relapse. However, much less research has been devoted to cues that become conditioned to the aversive effects of opioid withdrawal. We argue that environmental stimuli promote motivation for opioids when cues are paired with withdrawal (conditioned withdrawal) and generate opioid consumption to terminate conditioned withdrawal (conditioned negative reinforcement). We review evidence that cues associated with pain drive opioid consumption, as patients with chronic pain may misuse opioids to escape physical and emotional pain. We highlight sex differences in withdrawal-induced stress reactivity and withdrawal cue processing and discuss neurocircuitry that may underlie withdrawal cue processing in dependent individuals. These studies highlight the importance ....

United States , National Institute On Alcohol Abuse , National Institutes Of Health , National Science Foundation , Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial , Intramural Research Programs , National Institute , Drug Abuse , Alcohol Abuse , National Institutes , ஒன்றுபட்டது மாநிலங்களில் , தேசிய நிறுவனங்கள் ஆஃப் ஆரோக்கியம் , தேசிய அறிவியல் அடித்தளம் , அகச்சிதைவு ஆராய்ச்சி ப்ரோக்ர்யாம்ஸ் , தேசிய நிறுவனம் , தேசிய நிறுவனங்கள் ,

These Five Genes Play Role in Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinson's - Physical Therapy Products


A study led by the National Institutes of Health researchers appears to have located five genes that may play a role in whether a person will experience Lewy body dementia. Lewy bodies are also hallmarks of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
“Lewy body dementia is a devastating brain disorder for which we have no effective treatments. Patients often appear to suffer the worst of both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Our results support the idea that this may be because Lewy body dementia is caused by a spectrum of problems that can be seen in both disorders. We hope that these results will act as a blueprint for understanding the disease and developing new treatments.” ....

United States , Bryanj Traynor , Clifton Dalgard , Sonja Scholz , American Genome Center , National Institutes Of Health , Intramural Research Programs , Uniformed Services University Of The Health Sciences , National Library Of Medicine , National Institute Of Neurological Disorders , National Institute On Aging , National Institutes , Neurological Disorders , National Institute , Uniformed Services University , Health Sciences , Changes May Lead , National Library , Research Programs , ஒன்றுபட்டது மாநிலங்களில் , சோஞ்சா ஸ்கோல்ஸ் , அமெரிக்கன் மரபணு மையம் , தேசிய நிறுவனங்கள் ஆஃப் ஆரோக்கியம் , அகச்சிதைவு ஆராய்ச்சி ப்ரோக்ர்யாம்ஸ் , சீருடை சேவைகள் பல்கலைக்கழகம் ஆஃப் தி ஆரோக்கியம் அறிவியல் , தேசிய நூலகம் ஆஃப் மருந்து ,