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Maastricht values | VOX, CEPR Policy Portal


Agnès Bénassy-Quéré
The Maastricht fiscal architecture relies on limits on debt and the general government deficit. The reference values used are 3% for the deficit and 60% for the debt, both in terms of GDP. These reference values are not specified in the body of the Treaty. Instead, they are defined in an annexed Protocol. The expression “reference values” is used six times when defining the two criteria to be used by the European Commission when monitoring developments of public finances, with a view to identifying “gross errors” in the conduct of fiscal policy. These two reference values have no solid ground in either theory or empirical evidence. No such a claim was made at the time (or ever).  ....

United Kingdom , Adrian Peralta Alva , Lucio Pench , Maureen Burke , Alexandre Lamfalussy , Bergljot Barkbu , International Financial Statistics , Council Of The European Union , European Union , European Commission , Economic Policy Committee , Member States , Growth Pact , Maastricht Treaty , Delor Report , Global Financial Crisis , Mario Draghi , Thomson Reuters Datastream , Haver Analytics , Global Financial Data , Excessive Deficit Procedure , Member State , Ageing Report , Adrian Peralta , Discussion Paper , Maastricht Fiscal Criterion ,

5 steps women can take to improve their retirement readiness


5 steps women can take to improve their retirement readiness
Morningstar.com.au  |  07 Mar 2021Text size  
  
Contributing authors: Shani Jayamanne, investment Specialist, Morningstar Australia, Emma Rapaport, editorial manager, Morningstar Australia and Christine Benz, director of personal finance, Morningstar Inc.
Women s superannuation is not so super. At retirement, Australian women on average have $157,050 whereas men have $270,710 a gap of $113,660, according to data released by the Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia in 2018. The gap between women and men extends to younger cohorts too. Women aged 30-34 have balances of $33,750, whereas men have $43,580. The gap is closing, albeit slowly.
Why women are lagging behind ....

Sallie Krawcheck , Emma Rapaport , David Blanchett , Mark Miller , Christine Benz , Shani Jayamanne , Australian Institute Of Health , Association Of Superannuation Funds Australia , Morningstar Inc , Morningstar Australia , Superannuation Funds , Financy Women , Superannuation Optimiser , Lexington Law , Global Financial Data , Morningstar Investment Management , Australian Institute , எம்மா ராபபோர்ட் , குறி மில்லர் , கிறிஸ்டின் பென்ஸ் , ஆஸ்திரேலிய நிறுவனம் ஆஃப் ஆரோக்கியம் , சங்கம் ஆஃப் சுப்பெறன்ணுஅதிோன் நிதி ஆஸ்திரேலியா , காலை நட்சத்திரம் இன்க் , காலை நட்சத்திரம் ஆஸ்திரேலியா , சுப்பெறன்ணுஅதிோன் நிதி , லெக்சிங்டன் சட்டம் ,