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Today, We Celebrate the Carnation Revolution - International Viewpoint


Portugal
Sunday 25 April 2021, by Raquel Varela
Today, marks the anniversary of Portugal’s liberation from dictatorship. On April 25, 1974, soldiers from the dissident Armed Forces Movement (MFA) removed dictator Marcelo Caetano, demanding that Portugal abandon its failed colonial wars in Africa. A regime dating back to the age of Mussolini and Hitler had finally met its end, along with Europe’s last old-style empire.
The revolt within the army was the immediate trigger for the regime’s downfall, and the images of joyous citizens handing carnations to troops would come to symbolize the birth of Portuguese democracy itself. Yet the Carnation Revolution that continued until November 1975 was more than just a coup d’état, or even a transition to a new parliamentary order. ....

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Nationalist dreams and nightmares


Nationalist dreams and nightmares
Mike Macnair reviews Workers and nationalism: Czech and German Social Democracy in Habsburg Austria, 1890-1918 by JS Beneš and The Fiume crisis: life in the wake of the Habsburg empire by DK Reill
Both these books are about nationalism and the break-up of a larger multinational state regime. Reviewing Jakub Beneš’s book, published in 2017, is perhaps rather belated, but it provides fundamental background to that of Dominique Kirchner Reill: Beneš’s book is about the growth of nationalism in the late 19th-early 20th century workers’ movement in Austria-Hungary; Reill’s is a microcosm-study of the disastrous consequences of the implementation of nationalist programmes. ....

New York , United States , Slovak Republic , United Kingdom , Hungary General , Czech Republic , Croatia General , Czech Republic General , Ben Lewis , Franz Joseph , E Haberkern Karl Marx , Karl Kautsky , Dominique Kirchner Reill , Woodrow Wilson , Robert Anton Wilson Illuminatus , Hans Mommsen , Victor Adler , Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei , Louis Bonaparte , Warren Harding , Mike Macnair , Robert Shea , Tom Nairn , Mussolini Fascisti , Calvin Coolidge , Pan Germanism Berkeley ,