** Duration of WHO-declared COVID-19 pandemic (a) Wellcome Trust Publishers Pledge The first pandemic-related IP pledge addressed copyrights. On January 31, 2020, the Wellcome Trust, a large UK-based medical charity, led a group of approximately thirty scientific and medical publishers in committing to make all peer-reviewed research publications relating to COVID-19 available without charge on an open access basis. The signatories included Elsevier, Cell Press, Karger, the JAMA Network, the New England Journal of Medicine, Oxford University Press, Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and Wolters Kluwer. The initiative echoed earlier Wellcome-led pledges of similar scope made with respect to research concerning the Zika and Ebola outbreaks.