Emotions are integral to all human endeavor, although this has not always been accepted. As late as the 1980s, philosopher Jerome Shaffer observed that “from a rational and moral point of view, I can see no possibility of a general justification of emotion. And it is easy enough to imagine individual lives and even a whole world in which things would be much better if there were no emotion". Although, It is widely accepted that human emotions are too complex to be characterized as positive or negative - as psychologists like to remind us, we're not rational beings.