Eldridge Cleaver himself describes the progression of this crisis in white masculinity in the chapter of Soul on Ice titled, "The White Race and Its Heroes." According to Cleaver, by the time the 1960s rolled around, whites were becoming disillusioned with their heroes (90). The successes of national liberation movements in the Third World resulted not only in the formation of new subjectivities among people of color, it forced white men to reevaluate themselves and their identities (Cleaver 91). Young white men in particular were becoming more aware that men who had been held up to them as heroes, men whose masculinities they were supposed to emulate (cowboys, pioneers, founding fathers), were actually "slave-catchers, slaveowners, murderers, butchers, invaders, oppressors," deeply implicated in a system of white supremacy based upon foreign and domestic exploitation of people of color (Cleaver 90–92).