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COMMENTARY: The 1948 Executive Order that ended segregation in the military


By David S. Kerr
UNTIL 1948, America’s armed forces —no exceptions—were segregated, and it was a hard segregation, too, one carefully embedded in the rules and culture of the organization.
In the Army, there were “colored” divisions and “white” divisions. In the Navy, Blacks could only serve in units that loaded and unloaded cargo or work as cooks.
Of course, there had been breakthroughs. The Air Force, which only the year before had become a separate branch of the service, had African American pilots who were officers. They started as the famous Tuskegee Airmen.
It had been this way for generations. Even during the Civil War, when African Americans made up 10 percent of the Union’s fighting forces, they functioned in segregated units. ....

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