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During World War II (1939–45), women undertook many roles that were previously exclusively male, including roles as scientific researchers. American crystallographer Isabella L. Karle developed processes to isolate plutonium chloride from impure plutonium oxide while working on the Manhattan Project. American mathematician Grace Murray Hopper worked for the U.S. Navy as one of the first computer programmers, and American biologist Rachel Carson worked for the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (from 1940 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) as an aquatic biologist. In the postwar years many female wart...

On March 8, World Women's Day is commemorated, it is not celebrated, because it arises from a tragic and transcendental event that occurred in 1911

Will the millennium arrive in darkness and chaos as billions of lines of computer code containing two-digit year dates shut down hospitals, banks, police and fire departments, airlines, utilities, the Pentagon, and the White House? The nightmare scenarios are only too possible, ROBERT SAM ANSON discovers as he traces the birth of the Y2K "bug," the folly, greed, and denial that have muffled two decades of warnings from technology experts, and the ominous results of Y2K tests that lay bare the dimensions of ticking global time bomb

Despite the contributions women have made to the information and technology field, they continue to be underrepresented. Ada Lovelace, for example, wa

Grace Hopper, in full Grace Murray Hopper, née Grace Brewster Murray, (born December 9, 1906, New York, New York, U.S.—died January 1, 1992, Arlington, Virginia), American mathematician and rear admiral in the U.S. Navy who was a pioneer in developing computer technology, helping to devise UNIVAC I, the first commercial electronic computer, and naval applications for COBOL (common-business-oriented language). After graduating from Vassar College (B.A., 1928), Hopper attended Yale University (M.A., 1930; Ph.D., 1934). She taught mathematics at Vassar before joining the Naval Reserve in 1943...