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A culture of violence pervades the invading army | Europe

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the Russian state conducted two bloody wars against the small nation of Chechnya. The first, from 1994-6, ended with a peace treaty following the defeat of Russia’s attempt to smash the Chechen national movement. The second, which began with a Russian invasion after October 1999 and ended with Russia declaring the victory of its “counter terrorism operation” in 2009, facilitated Vladimir Putin’s rise to power and was important to consolidating his rule.

Atrocities in Ukraine war have deep roots in Russian military

Like the shelling of cities, the seemingly pointless, close-up killing of individuals recalls wars in Chechnya. Do they reflect intent, or only indifference, propaganda and a military culture of violence?

Chechens know what it’s like to suffer Moscow’s aggression, says Lana Estemirova