concepts and beliefs rather than your traditional army. so, what is the continental army? anyone? >> of america. so it's based in america became the first united states army paid before it is the u.s. armyr it is the army of america yes. but what elements of america? certainly part of the american revolution specifically? >> united colonies were. >> so when does the continental army begin not necessarily the start of the revolution. there is a story at the beginning of the war. a couple classes ago we were talked about the french and indian war. the french and indian war was a world war that fundamentally altered several different nations primarily in france remove from the north american continent. britain and the british colonies. and many americans have fought alongside british soldiers and british officers during the war. can anyone recall some things that transpired in the two groups interacted? [inaudible] packs a lot of ways the british are looking down on the colonists for a number of reasons. and that had to do with tactics, a lack of formal military training. some of it had to do with how they dressed. we know there's lots of resistance. there's also a large aspect over who holds the higher rank. there is a colonial officer outranked a british officer? as we recall the british officer said the outranked any colonial officer which infuriated just young george washington. so our story begins after the french and indian war and the start of the americaned revolution. whoiv wants to give it the standard answer what because the american revolution? >> the tea party. exit taxes give us the phrase? that aleppo. >> no taxation without representation. or it is teary, perfect. so, from there from taxes it's also more than that that right. it's about treat it as a full subject a full british subject. an openly it revolves into violence asserts after the tea party there's the boston court bills and intolerable acts are going to a shut down local government. going to bring in martial law for boston massachusetts. the british under thomas gage starts easing powder in seizingr weapons leading to increased tension. this opens to potential chance to seize gunpowder or maybe even arrest sons of liberty the leading revolutionary figures for samuel adams and john hancock. in the results as this. the shot heard round the world may be. we note one of the first shots of the american revolution is fired when the british regulars meet up with colonial militiamen. and shots are fired. who fires the first shot? >> nobody knows. >> exactly. who to the british they fired? the colonists rebels. who did the colonists say fired? the british. and it is from this the war begins. now this is initially a met militia unit. a militia unit was basically anyone 16 and 60 they would wheat out roughly once a month drill in trait and traditional tracking think about the national guard today. most american colonists do have some experience with the gun, a moscow. more so than your average a british soldier from hunting or fighting native americans. fobut they do not necessarily a formal military training fighting in ranks and lines. shots are fired, they call this was the british win here this is the profound moment is going to begin a war. in thomas jefferson's going to refer to this very specifically. on provoked murder. open violation of faith and honor and defiance of the sacred obligation of treaty which even savage nations observe. so what is jefferson getting here? >> he sank with the british did was straight up slaughter. we didn't really provoke them they decided to kill us. >> there is no ethics behind it. it is fundamentally immoral. we use the term honor to say with the british have done is something that is so barbaric to use the term, this cannot be looked over. this is a justification for war. we talked about briefly the just war principal. what makes a work just in almost every circumstance? it basically come down to who attacked sue. the americans are presenting party.ves as a aggrieved they are fighting a defensive war which means what? they are in the rights, their war is just. largely based on everyone theorists who in his law of nations is very much going to cast the correctness of the morality or the honor of a war based on who started. they start the work justifies. meanwhile another concorde bridge. named that because it has a bridge. so the americans are successfully conquered bridge if it gets more trained and skilled regulars. you may remember this from william wallace. [inaudible] >> see haptic crouched across the bridge, chokepoint unique number it don't matter yet the final end. this is rick at the quote unquote shot heard around the world if you believe the 19th century poem. this is where americans under orders w fire. at lexington the both are under orders not to fire. so, what we think of american colonial militiamen fighting we probably think of a romanticized notion of the minutemen, okay? what is a minute man? okay. they're going to jump out of bed fully clothed, that their hat on and grab their ran out ready to fight. averageve musket in the time it takes a and a half to load. so the idea is that militia man is fighting a regular start what we call today guerrilla style. very much copying the native american style. white the american develop this style as opposed to the british as opposed to the line formation the did in british. >> had to defend themselves against the native people therea were living there when they got there so they had to adapt to their tactics. they learn from the indians per. >> they would adapt over centuries. >> also the british equipped to fight in that style of warfare. they would march in a line. >> 16 this specifically bethink back to the french indian war with the braddock's defeat. a british army is defeated by french and native allies using the sameve tactics. >> the british have the higher numbers and they had accommodate for that. >> you have to accommodate and adapt. now the popular perception on the march back from concorde is an attack from the tree line from hidden positions on the exposed flank of the british army. what's interesting though, on this long march back, think about this the british army is marching back after doing intermediate march at night from boston to the outskirts andm the marching back with limited ammunition. they can just be picked off. week we can see on this map of these little explosion marks. every time you see that it was actually a moment where there was a battle. despite the comment romanticized element of them hiding behind trees there are pitched battles along the spirits basically going to force the british to retreat to boston and defend themselves. ultimately the british are going to attempt to take four or fiveo colonial positions at bunker hill. which every trivia person knowns was actually fought on? but they inflict heavy, heavy casualties. but still this is not the continental army. these are colonialil militia. there have been pretty good when loss ratios in a retreat to boston. sort of a pure victory the idea the british when and have heavy losses due to thend colonists. that it's the fighting in massachusetts that ultimately is going to force unified responses by the columnists. is this america's war? is it massachusetts war? armies can be formed by you guess? >> under the continental congress we are going to george washington as commander-in-chief. is going to sayt he's serving based on my country's honor and my own character which iser very different than the young washington we talked about in his early 20s we actually resigned his commission and he says for his own honor. it's a fundamental reversal of what washington said. i am taken a separate duty to the nation. he says i take my orders from congress. i do not function through military dictator. meanwhile there is opposition. and a lot of it comes from this man, his name is charles reed. you may remember him he is a general. so charles lee british trained he'd actually been all around europe trying to change his ranks accumulate ranks. he thought he would be one of the ones named commander-in-chief. there are others as well. he is british trained fighting in a traditional european style. he thanks the americans should be using this guerrilla hit and run militia style. in fact maybe he would retreat west. washington is fundamentally against this. washington knows he uses multiple styles. in the very much more on the tradition of european-style. there are a few reasons why. one of them he is concerned with thhis reputation and how this revolution. they are fighting as other europeans to they are fighting and a quote unquote gentlemen civilized weight. if they are not they may not gain certain alliances or support from other nations. there is a stigma of opinion these two will clash throughout the revolution. ultimately washington will prove successful. that story is coming. anyway, washington is going to take command. he is going to be for now continental army in boston late spring 1775. this is right after bunker hill. and at first the two sides do not get along. particularly the militiamen of massachusetts. if you think back would talk to early colonial warfare the massachusetts militia in particular elects their officers. in virginia, where washington is from her elected. what's the prom with elected officers versus appointed officers? many times a comes a popularity contest rather than skill. people are often unwilling to order they friends into combat. >> i feel like when you arere voting on who is going in i feel like people don't run is auteure oh i'm going to this because it's cool. >> often time's who wins is who brought them as beers to the barbecue or what everer happene. so washington though is going to try to staff his army. he's going to urge a certain type of person to beiv officer., nowadays you've heard about this. nowadays every man is a general. but in 18th century it meant something different it's a man of honor. a man of bravery and talents. shwashington is saying if you ae a gentleman, a man of honor ine, civilian life we can translate that to the military because america does not have a military academy. they do not have a professional army. so who are your officers? who are your soldiers? regular people with no formalized training. summit fought the french and indian war but very limited overall. so, here are the british trapped in boston. you will note back here the british forever retreating. in any of these elevated positions we have american -- continental army. they forced the british out by bombarding certain areas. they will going to go back to boston. uain section two days ago march 17. there's a big overarching map of the campaign is 1775 technically the last was 1771. if you are british when you're tactics here? how were you going to beat the americans? >> in numbers per. >> okay numbers, superior army hands down. >> get them to quit cut them ofe for the rest of the world too. >> how you cut them up for the rest of the world? reyou're going to blockade the coast. and then the british are going to make another tactical decision. they believe that since the war has begun in massachusetts, if you cut off massachusetts what can you stop? what's the war. >> heidi shut off massachusetts? >> you cut them off from the ocean. >> you blockade them and? >> you blockade the hudson. >> you take new york, go up the hudson and split them off. the some of the worst cap military secrets. washington knows areno going to attack there, the british know they're going to attack there so why attack there? >> is the only thing they can do. >> the british no they have a good shot here. the harbor they can use. washington doesn't want to defend that the cut metal congress as you must.ng it's a basic obligation of the government? there you go. they do not do it they are failing just as the british had like lexington and n concorde. the declaration of independence is red right before the battle of long island. these are the reasons they are giving. some of the chief reasons they are going away from britain. the king, when the third by declaring out of his protection and waging war against us. so, how do you split the king? because he is no longer at your king he has done something wrong. at the same time the americans are taking issue with the conduct of the war. particularly the british are going to hire mercenaries commonly known as hutchings. they are from a german state and the popular belief is they are sort of mercenaries fighting purely for money. there actually the armies rented out by their prints. they are fighting for their regular position is just the prints was actually cashing in on this. so, battle of new york does not go well. in fact, numerous retreats here's washington's retreat from long island to manhattan island. for extremely difficult moving and army across anybody of armor. washington proved quite successful. the british are easily going to take new york. and again the continental army is forced to retreat. literally crossing the bluffs of the palisades. traditionally in a major defeat like this would be crushing to a war. crushing to a commander. it's how washington interprets this in washington uses this to fundamentally change the way we look at military warfare. and how does he do that? he studies. washington complained about his defective education his whole life he never went to formal school. how did it most officers learngt to become officers? but have betrayed by the british, how did they learn? they get a book. the two most successful generals, henry knox and hero.ct arnold, american [laughter] up until a certain time anyway, sold books. making it a little simplistic question rick henry knox becomes the head of artillery because he wrote a book on it. so their men are self-taught they are going to these military techs to learn to be officers and soldiers. and religion upon which true honor is founded for the ethical basis and honor. honor consists of virtue and the duty of the soldiers honorable and honest. the idea that if you act well in a campaign you are doing yourtl duty you can receive honor. they used to be honor was only for the victor. james wolf whoho had been a british general who actually died" back it's a also the character of your honor he does not want a drunken vicious irregular army. but that virtue, courage and obedience of your troops are you sure guard against all assaults to execute their part with honor. why would your want a drunken vicious army reaping, pillaging and brutalizing? >> because you cannot organize them. >> they can't maintain order that breaks on the military. the revolution is about ideas so who do you want on your side? thee gentleman certainly but who else? you fighting this war in america. >> americans because you do not want to upset the delicate balance between potential patriots and loyalists who are thean neutrals. okay so frederick the great focused on him before. and this point there's a central point of or a general who honor and reputation take extreme care to conserve and recruit his troops. the idea they are taking -- he is concerned with the well-being of the average soldier. what is so shocking about that if you think about war and the common soldier prior to this whether it's in the british army or anyny european army they were the dregs of society there the absolute lower classes you join the military because you had nowhere else. they were viewed as expendable. so what does frederick the great doing here? it is fundamentally different. >> he is talking about how the numbers of your army is really important because each individual manch like a single person could make you win or lose. >> you are dependent upon the conductso of your soldiers. at the same time for washington what happens if the army is defeated and loses too many men? >> at the revolution, the war i over. so there is an understanding soldiers ared. something differt another british general published a book that a lot take seriously. an officer has to miss fortune is all under will not suffer if he's done his duty and acted like a soldier. at some point an officer will lose. and it should be -- shouldn't be an officer chasing victory a potential victory. as long as they put in a valid effort when the odds make sense they can be honorable they are performing their duty. washington is literally going to relay this to lafayette. he says no rational person will condemn me for not fighting with the odds against you. so much of it dependingig on all censure that's not attentive a success. what is washington getting at here? >> itt? is okay if you -- at the odds are against you don't do it. but if you have a small chance and the odds are with you. >> yes you have an obligation to preserve the honor. some of it is maintained in the army in the field to the revolution can stay alive. some of it iser protecting the n not complete rank difference bc the british army. there is less difference between gentlemen officer and your ersoldier. so, washington is going to use we go back to the tactics. this is the moment the general there's classic defensive tactics that are first employed in the classical era. fabian which we talked about long, long ago involves a defensive war. that a defensive war implies fighting when it makes sense for you. forcing the enemy to act. so it i washington is only going to fight when it makes sense. otherwise he's going to retreat. he's literally going to retreat from new york through new jersey. he'll have the british chasing him particulate general cornwallis. just like ben franklin. [inaudible] anyway, he refers to washington as the fox. and he treats this is a game. this is a hunt. he's literally hunting washington. washington is literally running and hiding. he's using these tactics not as a cowardice but using it because he wants to maintain the army. and then when the situation is in his favor such as here crossing the delaware he is able to swing is very elaborate difficult silent night crossings of rivers, the delaware, attacking hutchings and really successful battles keeping and preserving the war but giving americans is big moral boost and commissions are running out. it is from fighting this warin fighting defensively rather than make ultra- aggressive. the idea of the older model of attack, attack, attack. and washington views army very differently. he was so i hope every post will be deemed honorable which gaveho them an opportunity to serve his country. and by this he doesn't mean soldiers he means officers pretty anyone conserve. he also expands it to anyone in the military that could be civilians providing food or clothing could be women taking collections to feed the army. that could be african americans who are joining the army to serve in a variety of capacities. in expands the definition of who is a gentleman. sentiment is a hierarchical term. early 1775 right at the start of the war have a new term called the gentleman soldier. at it is being done in sermons. it's used for the continental army. it's used for the militia which are fundamentally different. there national guard units of men. gentleman soldiers his good conduct" character. in that service of their country. so they become honorable, they become gentlemen by serving their nation. duty to their nation rather than obtain that we talked about earlier. average soldier should be a a gentleman. if you recall back to the french and indian war the militia under washington it started to promote based on merit rather than based on status. soldiers have to regard their duty to become honorable. it doesn't have to say happy absolutely victorious. this is carried on two other officers. again another officer and maryland, howard. the idea honor is for soldiers, it's for officers and it's not just for the individual. so how a person acts reflects their officers appeared to how you behave over flexorr kernel r your general and also the nation. meanwhile, we do have african-american soldiers both free and enslaved. this anyone know a the first battle african-americans fought in the american revolution? trivia question. >> there are african americans of bunker hill but even earlier. lexington. length sink ten, bunker hill. the massachusetts ranks were not segregated. african-americans fought and initially washington was really resistant. the continental army as hard as other counsel generals. he initially forbids enlistment not just enslaved but also free african-americans. he is ultimately going to move back. it is going to allow free african-americans and ultimately enslaved african americans. the question is why the change? two schools of thought. one is pragmatic paid the british under a lord dunmore was the loyal governor of virginia is going to issue a proclamatiod providing freedom for any slave who fights against the colonists. and washington is shocked as all other stakeholders. washington responds to offices this about men is this about combating this? the other possibility is maybe he has a change of heart when he starts getting reports likepo these. the veteran of campaigns in and around boston. a character so brave a man who behave like an experienced officer asik well as an excellet soldier. not just any soldier but as an experienced officer so elevating an african-american soldier general john thomas is there equally serviceable with other men. all other men. looking at the conduct in the honorable nature. it could be a little bit of both. we do note roughly about 5000 african-americans served in some capacity in the continental army offering freedom for service. meanwhile, things don't go so well for washington's army. in fact in battles in and around philadelphia washington is going to lose. in the capitol is going to be occupied by the british army. this is one of the major low points of the war. it's going to force washingtone to go on the defensive and retreat again. in law, further north the british have a plan. it involves this man gentlemanly johnny. he gets the name gentlemanly johnny because of his love of fine her beloved champagne, he loves buying clothes, he is said to be a ladies man. ten he was a playwright. so the mission is were going to mark south and another british force to march north from york city but go along the hudson and cut off new england. it isw the wrong march through treacherous terrain. mountains, forests, and has an exceptionally long a baggage train he's lugging a lot of stuff. he had a car dedicated just to a champagne. that may sound ridiculous, so why are you dragging your champagne through upstate new york new york you may ask? it's not as ridiculous in the. that is because british officers particularly generals of high rank were expected to entertain. also the officers wives who'd come in campaign. they would stop and requisition a house and have a party. and if you can't throw these parties it's calling into question your character. the native allies are getting terrified this is not good. aware of ambush. oh nonsense they march further. ultimately the american army, the continental army led by horatio gates a british trained officer also with washingtones back on the french and indian war going to manage to cut off army. say single-handedly won the victory. as another man he single-handedly does it. that is benedict arnold arnold defined orders is this ongoing feud about he'd mostly been you probably member his daughters, peggy. and he was resistant. arnold was actually ordered by gates to read the battlefield. he defies orders and single-handedly charges in and stops a potential retreat and pushes it forward but ultimately there is a victory in saratoga. that arnold is going to be wounded and shot in the leg but it's going to fall back in his horse is going to fall on top of him are going to rush to carry off the field as if he is a spartan soldier. he is as general how are you? figure wounded in the leg. and he said i would rather it had been my heart. he is looking for this glorious and this romantic classical death. and had he died right there, he's puppet what the greatest american heroes of all time. nowadays to go to the saratoga battlefield they have a statue of him being shot. so there is a surrender. he surrenders his army it's a point among other things go she haitians going on with france. it proves to the french the americans could potentially win. the french are willing to get into t this war sometimes for no other reason than they just don't like the british. other reasons are they hope tohe gain back some of the land they may have lost during the french and indian war. so the french come in. there is an alliance formed the treaty of 1778. it is an alliance between the americans and the french. the french are going to send money, ultimately an army is going to take a little bit. but more importantly what is france's most important contribution to the american revolution? that is later, that is later. the navy because the american navy could not stand up to the british navy. the french navy is comparable in many respects. this is what's going to cut off a lot of the british advantage. so, as news of saratoga spreads, washington is at the darkest period of the word he is in valley forge encamped in snow, short of supplies, short of clothing. meanwhile horatio gates has won a grand victory in gates becomes the hero of the north. and he starts potentially to conspire. washington is lost is just allow the capitol to fall. maybe washington is not right to lead the army some say? this is going to be during this period of victory in the north and defeat in and around philadelphia is going to lead to an attempt to unseat washington. now, before we come to this the winter encampment at valley forge is crucial. one of the reasons is crucial is armies of the 18th century do not fight in the wintertime their campaign season you fight in the spring, the fall commissar but not in the winter. it's during the winter the army is actually able to train tothemselves. they had a hard fight since this war began. and who helped train the army? washington is also been performing plays in their off time, why not? you got to something extracurricular. the barron however you want to say it. he's responsible for bringing in european masters concept. the problem is he does not speak any english. most americans do not speak any german. so how do they do it? they create one model unit and basically yell at them, berate them in german, scream at them and show them what to do. one model unit would then show the other units what they needet to do. it's in this unit by unit basis the continental army was trained to fight with the european army. and through him the actual creation of this regulation basically is a code of conduct and drill for the continental army. they create a book. many of them had learned they are creating the basis of this european-style army. meanwhile back tom conspiracy. become sooner as the conway kebab. this is general conway he is irish. had many foreigners calling the continental army you have an accent here is a commission. many europeans could embellish their military record. you could rise very quickly in the war. gates and conway their questions of what actually transpires. there is potential attempts to maybe put gates in command basd on his record. largely nothing for the thing is washington believed it to be true. but he still trusted ultimately though they found out in gates is shamed to back away. meanwhile charles lee comes back. where was charles lee? he had been captured and he been prisoner of the british army where he may or may not have committed treason. in the late 19th century at doctors found that lee hadad drn up a plan to sort of tell the british they could defeat the americans. the question is will assist them with false information or was it literally trying to betray the americans? i leave it to you to judge but i leave it to you. they sort of been out of touch. they've been captive for two years the war passed them by. he's been his constant adversary of washington. he has fought around europe. this all comes to a head again at the battle lee is given command of the vanguard which is a prestigious position leading the army at the front with orders to attack him. and he turns it down. so washington appoints lafayette's. accepts. lee is now upset a junior officer has been played in commit man rather than him. he demands the position. march is out his force is facing part ultimately the question is is it direct orders or implied orders? the census is a special attack and he retreats instead washington catches wind of this is aon drummer running back and washington sort of grabs hold f him what you doing? i don't know sir we are retreating pretty what you mean? washington chargesgrgr forward. he gets to lee and cecily what are you doing sir, paraphrasing a bit. it calls him. [inaudible] what is that mean? it means you damn coward. publicly there's all sort of mythical languages of washington swearing. washington relieved him of command and personally charges in right into a potential retreat. this basically stops and he challenges washington political side to him also. lee is going to demand a court-martial saying his honor has been infringed on he's been insulted by washington about the court-martial finds in washington's favor, fines against lee. lee starts publishing all kinds of pamphlets how he has been wrongfully challenges a a woman to a duel. and jesse says she got the color of hiss pants wrong and her accounts. therefore what else did she geto wrong? there ultimately is going to be a real dual fought to defend washington. washington is fervently opposed to this. it's basically the end of any sort of push against washington. it's going to arrive. and the admiral and this is going to look at the continental army. not just men but equipment, training. meanwhile philadelphia the british were going to evacuate philadelphia. is, who is going to be placed in command there? perhaps a recovering battlefield hero known for his gallantry and selling of books, benedict arnold. benedict arnold is recovered is given a really prestigious command. arnold doesn't want it he is battlefield he wants to fight. but he is not ready yet. he's giving this is full of himself and he talks a lot. he talks too much. and he runs his mouth. congress does not like him. he's constantly passed over by other lesser officers. inferior officers that have been promoted over him. he soon brought up on charges before is usingn government property, pillaging, some other charges and no one knows about until after the war. he swears an oath of loyalty to them first. only take it to his friend and knocks. and what is his first act? if there is himself a party. he invites no members of the continental army. from eightyi loyalists of family and it is through her that he may orth may not make the acquaintance of a british major start a correspondence of ultimately lead to treason. arnold obviously gives himself a codename after who we read earlier the swedish king inn general. meanwhile the british have a. go south young man. the british turned their attention to the south for their constantly chasing loyalists. theyey feel that they can link p with loyalists and america it will help turn the tide of the war. they really have faulty intelligence. some dating back to 1774 governor thomas hutchinson. it's a few rabble-rousers. most of the colonies are for this. charles cornwallis? from charleston is going to push through in south carolina the idea and march north. who's the first in command during the early days particularly at the battle of camden is going to be her ratio. the great northern hero goes south. it is a crushing defeat that gates is going to retreat. some reports say a 180 miles further than his army. how does he do that? he literally runs away. runs from the british at section about 70 miles. it's basicallyay the end of horatioo gates. because he's viewed as cowardly he's viewed as ineffective. this is proving everything and alexander hamilton is going to famously joke he is not shocked gates actually did thislt but amanda his age was capable of writing so far and so fast. t that is the end of horatio gates. his put in charge instead ist. cornwallis. general nathaniel green. he is from rhode island he is what we call a fighting quaker. he is a quaker, clickers usually pacifists against war. he is very much in favor fighting a defensive war. he's going to be your chief in general and this other cam it's for the south is particularly on the front tier is very much dictated bipartisan fighting. loyalists versus patriots. not necessarily traditional continental army air british regular army. different bands. yet mel gibson and the patriot or if you go into the older distant movies like swamp fox fighting and guerrilla styles. it makes it very difficult oftentimes to know who is who. it also leads to heightened degrees of atrocity encases. where you have brutal advisement and its loyalists and patriots. and in one case you have one commander griffith rutherford who wrote this front tier this carolina frontier area. riches nathaniel greeneli of potential violation of harm coming to loyalists he is denouncing this further. this is not the war are fighting. we are fighting a war based onhi principle. a war of ideology. a war that shows we are behaving better. we are ethical. we have honor. proper treatment of civilians but this is something washington. that comes to be known highlighted by bannister tarleton. he is a british officer. you may know him is also harry potter. jason isaacs longhair snake. yes that night. all right, who also gets the start just to show how widespread this fighting is. goes on to become president. literally refuses to clean an officers boat and get the savior to the side of his head in vows to fight the british for thehe rest of his life. andrew jackson. you have all different ages fighting engaged in combat. meanwhile, further north, whispers plotting. after philadelphia arnold was ready to deterrent return to command. it was up on court-martial charges while in philadelphia. he had been found guilty for his reprimand was relatively light. public censure from washington that basically boils down to not have included this and will change in the future. a little light tap. arnold is furious this last protector, washington, has betrayed him. americas defended his honor. he is lost to all. and so he'ss going to plot to make a change to the british. placed at west point. west point military academy and washington -ish sort of shocked by this. he knows he wants to fight in battle. why does he want an outpost? he agrees and west point is crucial for this right here. and it's all on the hudson. what is that, literally a chain a big thick chain about this thick as it stretches across the hudson river. what you think it's meant to do? tear the holes open. did it work? do you think? okay anyone say yes? no one knows because they never tested. no batteries on other side of canon. they never touched it. but west point falls in the chain and the garrisons and battery are removed, what can the british do? take the hudson. and therefore divide the colonies which they been trying to get. so andre's a self-portrait again is a very fashionable gentleman is going to arrange to meet with arnold for the going toth do it under secret. now the thing is andre is a british major. and he loves to meet with them he wants to meet with him now if a british officer in his red coat was meeting with benedict arnold the commander at west point that would look a little suspicious don't you think? so he tells andre to take off his uniform. problem, what happens the moment he takes out that red coat?he so correspond and andre is caught by a roving band of militiamen who question wrong term are they loyal? are they a questionable loyalty? there some argue but anyway they become celebrated here. and andre unfortunately identifies as major john andre. sort of shocking display they are not british. so arnold has discovered andre's hand as a spy. washington will comment on this great moment. there have been a difficulties between the continental army and the civilian population at this point. the army had been collating the civilianan population where's te food? where is thehe clothing? wherever was it was being set exponentially high prices. meanwhile the civilians were saying how come you have not won this war? you let the capitol fall. you have not beenn winning. it is this moment that shocks all of america together at the moment like 911 or pearl harbor that brings everyone back. and the question is why? it is galvanizing moment. the general is going to say if you have not virtue among ourselves to check mr. arnold without losing sight of the grand object we ought to suffer. meaning that we need to rights above this. if we cannot. washington is going to spin it. it's going to say this is ain great thing. how is this a great thing? because it has never happened before. how dedicated are americans this is the first instance of its kind when more is to be expected? this proves the value of the army. proves the value to the cause. and within a year we have a march on yorktown which is a major final battle. it's going to move himself further north into virginia on a peninsula. talked about aor this before who you not want to put yourself on a peninsula if you're an army? only one way out. so why did cornwallis do it? he thanks he can retreat via the navy. but through quick march a late march of the french and americans jointly going to surround cornwallis and the french navy is going to cut off. you are literally going to have a siegege at yorktown were going to seek and cornwallis does not have a way out. it's going to be forced to surrender. the british band plays the song the world turned upside down for this is the latest battle revolution carries on for couple more years but this is it.. why did the british stop fighting? why do you think why did they stop fighting? they could have continued still full army. >> there's nobody left that was loyal? >> you still have loyalists. you now and i had to defeat the army of the winter the hearts and minds of americans. that is problematic. this is costly. >> there issues in france. >> an out by this point the french are in the this has become a world war in many respects. or at least in expanded europea war. it is not thend best interest. so yorktown is the last major battle by the skirmishes here a and there nathaniel green is sort of a lone figure carrying on and going past these terms of duty like an arnold exceeding what they should be doing. as peace starts coming to an end rumor start circulating about peace. washington has one less battle to fight. it is with his own officers. this is in new york it's not far from west point it is along the hudson. the british army is still in new york city. they will remain there until after the war. the continental army is sort of checking them and watching over chthem. and the problem was the officers had not been paid. why haven't they been paid? anybody? they didn't have anybody. pretty much worthless continental dollars. they had also been promised havh to for life. so pension. problems? same one as before. >> it's a lot of money. >> and congress doesn't have it. especially fap sitcoms were to think these officers? >> they don't have any other means of getting money. >> injured in the war they can't work it. congressman never paid them. it becomes the newburgh conspiracy. the newburgh affair depending on how you want to turn it. continental officers are going to secretly into things they're going to discuss. one, potentially a coup on congress., take over congress until he get paid to. or to comment retreat behind the mountains, what mountains? those mountains for that support is march out of new york city and do what? whatever. until? until congress pays them. fundamentally both of these are problematic. fundamentally both of these ideologically go into the american revolution. but washington isc going to doo show he is in charge, cancel their meeting call his own meeting. you can't meet, you were going to meet with me instead. he didn't sound like that though. he is going to appeal to them based on what is known as the newburgh address. he is going to use these words but let me conjure you the name of a comment country as you evaluate your own sacred honor to express your utmost horror and devastation of the man who wishes under any to overturn the liberties of our country. march 15 i was only four days ago. so, what does washington say here? >> if you do this you are dishonored. >> dishonored not just yourself but the country we fought for. if we follow what will this become? he uses the term sacred honor. aside from me babbling about honor where we see these two words? you all have. truly yous? have. >> an american text? >> yes. the declaration of independence. our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. washington purposely using words from the declaration to think this back to civilian supremacy. the ideal the revolution of the individual to the greater good r of society. : : : think of what we have accomplished. this is never been done before and you are going to give it up? what usually happens after a civil war or rebellion, how do they usually end? in the classical era, english civil war, what usually happens? >> a treat your contract. >> okay and who takes control? maybe a king or from where the new rule looking come from? think about all of cromwell or julius caesar, military sort of figures seizing power. ultimately, this is going to a letter he is going to read. washington has been losing his eyesight most people don't know this but he wore glasses but didn't want everyone to see them. but he's also given his site and the officersrs start crying. the last act and probably the important in american history and the last of the continental army is this washington is going to surrender his commission as the commander of chief to the continental congress [inaudible] so the sense that this has always resulted in some sort of right whether it is a dictator, and berger, protector, whatever they want to call themselves. this never end as well. washington is literally giving up power and this is a man who this is where we get detoured. george 3 is expecting because that is what he understands. he is shocked and stops and says he shall behe the greatest man n the world. dramatic pause. the idea that this is what seals washington. had been granted powers. so washington surrenders his commission here and this preserves the civilian supremacy and maintains if the army serves the civilian government it won't be a dictatorship or monarchy it would be civilian control this moment in a lot of ways proves that the ideals, the continental army was based on what is so profound and different looking at the army's prior to the continental army after the continental army and we see the ideological focus in the french revolution the rise of the polling. let's end up there for today and thanks, everyone for coming. >> was really talking about the future so he used this and this lasted 25 to 30 years and i went back and i'm working there and i noticed that they had changed the entire introduction. it was installed in 1995. there wasn't a black guy in the middle of town and so going back and looking why in 95 did we continue and i would argue how it reclaimed to write the narrative and as i noticed from the reading you've seen a lot of this the 20th century to changing the narrative of the civil war and how you allow for the history to be present along the history. the project in the competition this is like 1998, 1999 with the confederacy that talked about kind of a blue-collar relationship and then the cotton mills next to it. then this tension between the fiction of the daughters of the confederacy and the reality of this place. now this is 20 years ago and not interested. you're being portrayed from california coming to talk about the last year people had asked for that statute to come down. in a way this was the moment we are going through now. then we have i think this moment where they are beginning to challenge how we actually think about ourselves. we have betsy on the right and these are two new things and as i was reading this piece this morning, they are not in the central part of charleston. they are in these kind of spaces that we don't see every day. and i tend to argue that we need more places than spaces that we actually visit every day and that we see every day and we have a way to re- collect and our spirits are all the time it is my honor to introduce our guest, doctor patrick mullen associate professor of history and public history doctor at the university. thank you all for joining us. i am so honored and delighted to have you here. i want to get us started with a background on the