Frontiers | A Review of National Monitoring Requirements to

There is an urgent need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. One method of achieving this is through Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Geological structures that lie offshore under continental shelf seas offer huge CCS storage potential. An emerging marine industry is developing to exploit this potential and national marine monitoring agencies will soon need to consider the potential impacts of this emerging industry. This review of published literature is aimed at generalists responsible for the delivery of national marine monitoring, as well as those involved in the management of the marine environment. It briefly summarises why the emerging offshore CCS industry is needed, how large it may be and what marine infrastructure may be involved. For the purposes of this paper, a hypothetical 20 Mtpa industry has been used to gauge the potential impact of a developing offshore CCS industry. The probability of CO2 leaks from such an industry is low. If they do occur, the spatial scale of impact will be small, and the potential environmental impacts will be low. Irrespective of how CO2 is transported or stored within shelf seas, leaked CO2 will enter the sea as a gas or as a solution dissolved in sediment pore water. CO2 as a gas will dissolve into seawater and/or directly vent to the atmosphere, depending on the initial conditions of the leak. The most probable source of leaks in a developed CCS industry is from pipelines (currently a 2-year event per 1000 km pipeline). The most probable source of leakage from geological storage is through abandoned wells (a 20 to 80-year event for a 20 Mtpa industry). The source of leaks from a CCS scheme with the potential to release the greatest mass of CO2 is through geological faults, as these may go undetected (if they occur) for long periods. The probability of leaks from geological storage, through faults or abandoned wells, is site dependent and minimised by the site selection process. The review concludes with recommended priorities for future marine science development.

Related Keywords

South China Sea , Brunei General , Brunei , Norway , Japan , United States , Paris , France General , France , United Kingdom , Groningen , Netherlands , Southern Ocean , Oceans General , Oceans , California , Canada , Ardmucknish Bay , Argyll And Bute , London , City Of , Amsterdam , Noord Holland , Bolsover , Derbyshire , Tomakomai , Hokkaido , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia , Shiomi , Kagoshima , Slovenia , Sweden , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , Kasukawa , Miyagi , Hawaii , North Sea , Edinburgh , Norwegian , Scotland , Mac Dowell , Carvalho Nunes , Johns Hopkins University , National Monitoring Agencies , Practices For Ocean , Ipcc , Watt University , University Of Edinburgh , University Of Cambridge , Services Of Marine Bivalves , European Union , Committee On Climate Change , J Power Energy , Properties Of Carbon Dioxide , Pacific Marine Science Organization , University Of Hawaii , United Nations Framework Convention On Climate , Strategic Research Study , European Parliament , Oil Recovery , Energy Environ , Storage In International Energy , Energy Act , United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change , Energy Proc , Committee On Climate , Energy Procedia , Oil Gas , Morris , Elsevier , United Nations Framework Convention , Climate Change , Paris Agreement , European Green Deal , United Kingdom Committee , Enhanced Oil Recovery , Much Carbon Capture , Norwegian North Sea , Offshore Carbon Capture , Risks Might , Storage Industry , Carbon Dioxide , Inorganic Carbon , Total Alkalinity , Partial Pressure , Ecological Impact , From Carbon Capture , United Kingdom Government , Supplementary Material , South China , Sleipner North Sea , How Leaks Spread , Science Tasks Need , National Monitoring , London Protocol , Monitoring Plan , Risk Assessment , Geological Formations , Protocol Guidelines , Monitoring Data , Assurance Monitoring , Environmental Impact Assessment Reports , Contracting Parties , Science Priorities , Ensure Scottish , California Current , Med Abstract , Crossref Full Text , Gas Control , Riser Loss , Galerne Project , Environmental Contamination , Environment Canada , Net Zero , Stopping Global , Medeiros Costa , Carbon Capture , International Energy Policy , Two Phase Plume Dynamics , Open Shallow , Best Practices , North Pacific Marine Science , Geological Storage , Clean Planet , European Strategic Long Term Vision , Climate Neutral , First Climate Neutral , Offshore Accident , Failure Frequency Data Sources , Accidental Underwater Release , Underwater Plume , Subsequent Above Water Gas , Management Framework , Sub Seabed Geological Structures , Specific Guidelines , Sub Seabed Geological , Thirty Second Meeting , European Gas Regulatory Forum , Carbon Dioxide Capture , Some Speculations , Oceanic Diffusion Diagrams , Johns Hopkins , Carbon Dioxide Streams , Geological Formations Adopted , Around Scotland , Scoping Guidelines , Environmental Impact Assessment , Storage Projects , Statutory Instruments , Central North Sea , Marine Bivalves , Carbon Capture And Storage , Monitoring , Impact Assessment , Co2 , Arbonate System ,