Over-optimism and under-investment in IHE export models Over recent years, three of the four leading English-speaking countries in international higher education (IHE) – the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia – have seen their market share in international students reduced, in spite of some enrolment growth. Canada has been the exception. Competition from non-anglophone countries, in particular China and other Asian countries but also from continental Europe (with the two leading countries France and Germany, as well as others, including Russia and the Netherlands), and an increase in intraregional mobility between neighbouring countries elsewhere, is one factor for this decline. Unwelcoming immigration policies in the UK and the US have been another factor, and, in the UK, Brexit.