difficult for us here physically. i'm in here, but i am in afghanistan, also coming up in pakistan and celebrating 75 years of independence, a story of national sovereignty, punctuated by personal sorrows. now, if anyone speaks of that time, i can immediately conjure it in my mind. i have got, well, how much it's really difficult to talk about it for those of us who remember it. but to our viewers watching on p b. s in the united states and to all of you around the world. welcome. we begin the day in afghanistan with a painful anniversary, quickly approach. monday will mark one year since the fall of cobble and the takeover by the tale bought. it was also when a mass exodus began, afghans fleeing within and outside the country. the united nations put the number of officially registered african refugees worldwide. now at 2600000, but it adds the real number is likely much higher. and the vast majority of those people are now in pakistan and in iran. and here in europe, germany is now haul to about a $180000.00 african refugees. and inside afghanistan, the number, they're huge. 3.5000000 people are internally displaced, forced to leave their homes by decades of war, political oppression. and now by food shortages. this was the scene at capital airport a year ago. people massed together, trying to get on any plane that would take them. thousands got out. many more, were left behind, splitting up families, and leaving their loved ones in afghanistan at risk. well, 3 of shame and abdul's children are in the us now. their remaining 2 daughters worked in television under the old government. now seamus says she fears they may be put in prison, but they and she misses the ones who made it out. what do you think he had her one of them and it's my deep desire to see my children and talk then learn what, having a lot of problems here that delineated and elena did, which we will overcome these challenges. but i want to be with my children is that he had a look what is ominous, what of your day? some her son was a commando in the afghan army. now he's a refugee in the us, where he still trying to get his family cleared to come over. you some the, i guess what the new athens hula what'd life is really difficult for us here. i've completed documentation for my family 2 or 3 times, but their clearances are still pending. unfortunately, the government ignores our files from obama medicaid. at least he made it all the way to america. millions of afghan evacuees are stuck in limbo in neighboring pakistan, waiting for visas. many were journalists, or had other jobs that made them targets for the taliban. thus, if one at the law, unfortunately, we have not yet experienced the speedy transfer of evacuees, which is a breach of the pledges made the afghans by the united states and european nations office for a place where i could have thought he acknowledged had a fall. she was in fresh i'mma, and abdul's family life in afghanistan is a waiting game. it's one they have to play carefully with their lives, potentially at stake. and joining me here at the big table tonight is eleanor inside her. she was head of the cobble office for the german conrad on an hour foundation. and so i know it's good to have you with this. you were part of that mass exit is when you were go. you and your, your afghan staff, you made it to was becker's done. you've been in the capital tuscan now for about a year. what has that been like for you were co workers from afghanistan and well, it was very, very tough year. i'm since august last year. so i personally, i left cobbled to task and a week before cupboard fell and then the vacated all of our gun employees to through pakistan to germany. and it took us all together, 5 weeks. so that was 5 weeks without sleep. and but he was so lucky because on the day on the 15th, i remember we were having a team meeting in the office in the morning and 2 hours later, basically, the taliban stood in the city in a city, in the middle of kabul, and a panic broke out traffic jam broke out and, and our, our employees for quite a while they, they were quite com and a trusted that we would find a solution. and i try to avoid panic. you know, and yeah, you go, this is a, this is a story. i guess with a happy ending, gotch refugees from afghanistan, he were able to come here to germany or who have made it to the united states. i'm wondering though, what about f scans who have gone, for example, it was vacant where your office is now. do they feel that they are welcomed there? well, mega span is not a country where, where, where that takes refugees. becca. stan was only country of trends. it. so a lot of flights went through tuscany, but no afghan refugee was staying there. so actually there no, no, no, i'm saying, and it said the feeling did that outside of afghanistan, they were kind of being thrown to the wall. right? no one wanted them anymore. that is right. even pakistan and iran, they, they signalled long time had that they are not willing to take again, a lunch for some refugees. so most of their neighbor countries just acted as transit corridors and to other countries like europe or the united states. north america, australia. afghanistan is once again home. we were seeing this earlier in the program to this humanitarian disaster. but at the same time, now you have a war here in europe, in ukraine, you've got inflation all over the world. and you also have either the threat of china attacking may be taiwan. do you fear that the world just doesn't have the attention capacity any more to focus on afghanistan? yes, i expected that also without the one ukraine. i expected that the attention will roll away after some time, and which is ok because i've done this done has been on high and attention before. and sometimes we can also without attention we can help and engage and support. but important. it said behind the scenes that there's and some help and support continued and, and then we find a solution also for the civil society and for the people which it, which is what you have been committed to doing. but you still need is to read some official attention, right? use the you, win has not recognized the totally bond. for example, as the official government. you've got in joe's and you've got for money staying out of the country. that is going to have to change, isn't it? if we want to see significant change, or do you see another way to bring positive change to the country where we need to political will. and in a moment we are no wait. and c position are also asked because we are political foundations. we are not humanitarian and the german government has declared humanitarian plus. so they want to support engagement. stan, stan, underneath the diplomatic recognition, a little bit more than human italian aid. many organizations, i know was a german, and joe's a still working in kabul and enough gone to stun basically on the same projects. they have only changed some, for example, they have to offer now agenda separate office space, but they continue. but for political foundations like us, it's difficult to re engage unless they are no relationship on your fisher basis. yeah, because it is political even if we want maybe to act like it's not me. there is the humanitarian side, but the political side is still there. what would be your message? i mean, your career is about using politics to benefit people. what would be you were wish for afghanistan? well, my wish, and this is i think an important message as we firstly have to accept them realities and we have to work with the realities. so having declaring high standards, moral standard doesn't help the people in the country. so we need to search for a pragmatic solutions and which means also engaging in the country. also having channels of talks to the government, the new de facto government, and then on a low level also working for, for minimum standards and minimum standards would be education. for example, educating if we were another time the west was enough dentistry in for 20 years. we had a chance, right, in terms of make effective change, and now the toner back in power. do you sometimes feel that it's just, this is a case that we're not going to win ever. i mean, there's the frustration sometimes just take over. i mean, yeah, after 20 years and, and we have been doing lots of the same that didn't work. so now i think we have to change our strategy and we are now also in a state of soul searching of what, what is the goal of our missions, what, what goods should ford mission aim for and our goal for much too high. and we never adjusted them and i mean by we, i mean the whole international community. and yes, when i came down to the last few years with a door and a process piece process, there was euphoria. but in the end the goals was much higher. yeah, i in the, in the way it came became so fast. no one thought it was going to in the way you did elements. i know we appreciate you coming in the night, sharing your valuable experience and insight. thank you. thank you for. thank you. ah, on sunday pakistan will mark 75 years of independence. india will do the same on monday, but attached to the celebrations are stories of personal pain and tragedy. reminders from history of just how important geography is arising from what was known as the partition of india. the borders of pakistan became official on this day 75 years ago. these are the lines that a british lawyer, sir cyril radcliffe, drew across the map of british india to create india and pakistan. pakistan itself divided into east and west pakistan. or in creating hindu majority. india in islamic pakistan. conditions were set for mass migration and religious pogroms. some 12000000 people found themselves on the wrong side of a line that divided nations along religious lines. hindus and newly created pakistan fled to india, and muslims in the opposite direction. up to a 1000000 people were massacred in the violence that followed. it's a story of shared violence among pakistan's, an indians. and as we head into independence day celebrations for both countries, it's worth hearing from those who witnessed these new nations being born amid the carnage as well as the promise of a better future. ah, many young at that time i g 3040. so all those headings, memories of partition. dr. d, was it jenny? did was no do seeing that he's very what engine? light on strangely loosening. good. just some targets. then suddenly it started this started dividing up. i might have, i thought i used to teach in a village in what is now the indian side. but allah, he had come home on for the summer break. when all hell broke loose gently, altogether much better. milas broke out schools were closed indefinitely. how many yet look at it to her school and look at it. got a lot of those bloodshed everywhere from countless dead bodies and injured people arriving to my city, which was on the new border. automatic, remember going there as a child to see what was happening? if any one day, only i love her. he came to easily chantrelle dead. oh no, you go, because there is a danger lost your life is when we came to billy, we saw, oh, shandon slain, jaden beard, devils all told us to get my father's business had gone angry. we didn't have any money left, joe sidney, did you hurt? as dead, you hit the powder thick felt over the bottles of pakistan. joe, hope an important anal if anyone speaks of that time, i can immediately conjure it in my mind. i haven't got, well, how much it's really difficult to talk about it for those of us who remember it in it was on. i'm emotional right now because i haven't spoken about that. diamond 75 years out. i lost my loan. so many people do these partition days. i she, when he said the dead teacher done each other, but he test target. i see on my i pad pocket central grants and i love that language because i belong to, god bless. i love those. you could hear me nice, you're the world is full of stories of law, but wall solves nothing to say. you can fight as when he was, as you like, not, but meaningful decisions are only made at the negotiating table that has normally actually d, doff leadership. weekly excess. ringback hydrogen, jenna, this is what i but sunday we should we come together. we should only in england, a country that is world famous for its rainy weather to day officially declared a drought in many regions. that designation allows water companies to restrict water supplies to europe is currently in the grip of its most extreme dry spell. in decades, the european drought observatory says that 47 percent of the continent is facing a looming drought, 70 percent of europe. the places that you see in red on this map are already experiencing severe effects from weeks or months without any rain. the drought is helping fuel summer wildfires from portugal to central europe crops are being ruined at a time when global food supplies are being stretched and many of europe's rivers and water reservoirs. while the simply drying up europe's rivers are disappearing. italy's po is yet another casualty. of the severe drought gripping much of the continent, the river would normally be teeming with taurus. instead, it's drawing bed is littered with empty boats. those living near italy's longest river say the situation is unprecedented yourselves or what i'm young and i do not remember anything like this, but even the elderly of my village and the villages around here have never seen something like this. never, ever with the po relied upon for keeping rice feels like this one irrigated farm as a warning of devastating consequences for the region known as italy's bread basket . spain is facing similarly di, conditions with reservoirs falling to the lowest levels since 1995 but this one in extreme adora, the water has receded so far a medieval bridge submerged decades ago is exposed again in catalonia, this might century church has also emerged from the depths with scorching weather, predicted continue, water supplies a set to only dwindle further. even the notoriously wet u. k is facing drought conditions with the source of the river thames drawing up for the 1st time since at least 1976 and made a record breaking heat and low rainfall in france, 2 rivers, a drawing up like here in the north west where the law the country's longest river has fallen so low in some places. it can be crossed on foot to the east, sinking water levels in the rhine, a threatening not just fish, but the german economy to the river is a key economic artery with barges transporting millions of tons of cargo, including coal, oil and gas each year. but officials a warning that it is set to become impossible for most boats within days as europe's drought drags on drought here in europe, it's just one aspect of a climate that is getting more extreme. it seems by the season an awful corners of the globe. my next guest is chad, a green, one of the authors of a recent paper on the ice shelf off an arc ticket. it joins me tonight from tucson, arizona, a state that is not known for, i'm having a lot of ice it's, it's good to have you with it's dark green and it may be hot here in europe. but i understand it's also much, much too warm in an article. what, what did you find out in your research? oh, that's right. yeah. it's, it's, we're in quite a bit in antarctica this year, set a record for minimum, sea ice extent. and we want to understand how are these changes happening in antarctica and what does it mean for a future? so to get at this, we mapped in articles, coastline at high resolution for about the past 25 years. and what we found is that an article has reduced an area by about 37000 square kilometers just since $1097.00. so for context that's about the size of switzerland. and this has a direct impact on ecosystems that are, that exist above and below these huge ice shelves. you know, penguins live on i shelves. so they've had to migrate. but it also has impacts on sea level rise nets because i shelves in antarctica. do this thing where they buttress the flow of these huge, massive glaciers. and so when you crumble away the edges of an eye shelf the, i shall weekends and then these glaciers can speed up and accelerate their contribution to sea level rise. and while this is happening at the other end of the world in the arctic finish, sciences have failed. warming to be $4.00 to $7.00 times higher than expected. i mean, talk to me about what that means for climate models and the thick sheet of ice that covers greenland, for example. right, yes, this is this other big, huge study coming about the arctic. so them the polar opposite of antarctica, but really finding some of the same same things on this, this amplified warming. this paper, it finds that they are the warming is happening at him celebrated rate. so as much as we are in these lean more equitorial regions, we as much as we think it's warming up here, it's warming at a much faster rate in the arctic. and what this means is that sea ice, an ice sheet of greenland are both melting, and we see that in all sorts of different datasets, we see that the should see ice shrinking and thinner and weaker. we also see quite a bit of ice mass loss from the greenland ice sheet, and these are gigantic pieces of ice that are melting. and although they're melting, when they turn into water, they are going to reduce the temperature of the oceans in. what is that going to do, for example, too, i'm thinking of the jet stream, and i'm also thinking of the gulf stream that takes a lot of that warm water and air from the caribbean brings it up here to northern europe. well, we are yeah, it's a, it's a complex system. so as the ice melts, it means that the, the, the surface of the ocean goes from white to almost black. and that means that the ocean is able to absorb more heat. so it's says, warming b gets more warming scenario, but there's this other thing that's going on is that as see ice melts. it's also this is ms fresh water that just sits on top of the ocean. so that what that ends up doing is it shuts down the thermal haley circulation is global conveyor belt that drives energy and redistributes weather patterns all around the world. in a normal world, the global thermo haley circulation has this really predictable, steady pace to it. the lower finding is that as see ice melts, we no longer have this dense salty water coming down, driving that cert thermo, i'm hailing circulation. and so we're getting these crazy weather patterns all throughout europe. and i'm wondering if people realize what you're talking about here. i mean, these are, these are existential threats that are in the making right now where i want us to pull in a snapshot of planet earth future. i think we've got that. can you as a scientist say, when this might come to pass that we have that jeffrey ok . ok. so we have this near what we've been talking about. rather is a snapshot of planet earth future. i mean, something as cataclysmic, as you know, the gulf stream shifting or collapsing. when will, could that happen? well, to some degree, we're already see it seeing this thing happen. but that doesn't mean it's a binary. it's here or it's not here. we still have choice in the severity of climate change. we, there is still time to act and it's really just a matter of how much we want to reduce greenhouse gases and how quickly we want to do it. are you feeling more positive after what we've seen in washington this week with the u. s. senate in the house passing this? this 1st major piece of legislation aim to fight climate change? is it enough that the climate aspects of that bill are absolutely a very respectable step forward? so there's no question that renewable energy is going to be increasingly big part of our future. so i say, why wait around, let's just make it happen now. i think a lot of people will agree with you chad green. joining us tonight for tucson, arizona is degree. we appreciate your time and your insights. thank you. thanks for having ah, finally tonight, thanks to a lot of watering by hand. one of your biggest summer gardening spectacles celebrating a milestone anniversary, the brussels flower carpet has been laid out of the cities landmark grand, please square. look at that. the tradition takes back 50 years, but was canceled the past 2 summers. you guessed it because of that buyers. the mexican artist who designed this year's layout compared the honor to the a lympics for athletes. and i would say it is time for everybody to take time and smell the flow. the day is almost done. the conversation continues online, you'll find some twitter, a dw news, you can follow me on twitter at brent gov tv. every member, whatever happens between now and then tomorrow is another day, have a good weekend. everybody will see you again, right here, next week. with a it looks like a suit case on wheels, but perhaps it's the electric car for the entire world. b, a. c. m. city one. affordable, flexible, uncomplicated, developed in germany. usable wherever there is a conventional household socket. plug and play red. next on d, w. b. green cities, relaxing away scene. despite record temperatures. it's not a mirage. refreshing architectural ideas and innovative landscape planning are both cool and clever, chilling cities out. in 60 minutes on d, w o, in into the to day this means flying to a foreign planet. in the 16th century, it meant being a captain and setting sail to discover a route. i mean a race to military interests, a race linked to political and military base, but also to my financial and adventure full of hardships, dangers and death. my jillions journey around the world start september 7 on d. w. connection is well, we are living during the most extraordinary.

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