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Star Sands in Japan Beaches Were Once Protozoa Homes

The star sands found on a beach in Japan were once home to protozoa. Read more here. The adorable star sands on a beach in Japan were actually once inhabited by protozoa, which means it is the exoskeleton of the one-celled organisms.

Hatoma , Japan-general- , Japan , Okinawa , Taketomi , Salton-sea , California , United-states , Japanese , Baclogypsina-sphaerulata , Iriomote-ishigaki-national-park , Mccrone-group

Disease affecting cattle detected in Kentucky

Theileria orientalis Ikedia, which is a protozoon known to be carried by the Asian Longhorned tick (ALT), has been diagnosed in two beef herds, one in Fleming County and the

Fleming-county , Kentucky , United-states , Hart-county , Katie-flynn , Ryan-quarles , Kerry-barling , Kentucky-department-of-agriculture , Office-of-the-state-veterinarian , Kentucky-state-veterinarian , Asian-longhorned , Kentucky-department

"Adaptation to an Amoeba Host Leads to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates " by Wai Leong, Wee Han Poh et al.

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ubiquitous in the environment, and in humans, it is capable of causing acute or chronic infections. In the natural environment, predation by bacterivorous protozoa represents a primary threat to bacteria. Here, we determined the impact of long-term exposure of P. aeruginosa to predation pressure. P. aeruginosa persisted when coincubated with the bacterivorous Acanthamoeba castellanii for extended periods and produced genetic and phenotypic variants. Sequencing of late-stage amoeba-adapted P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrated single nucleotide polymorphisms within genes that encode known virulence factors, and this correlated with a reduction in expression of virulence traits. Virulence for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was attenuated in late-stage amoeba-adapted P. aeruginosa compared to early-stage amoeba-adapted and nonadapted counterparts. Further, late-stage amoeba-adapted P. aeruginosa showed increased competitive fitness and enhanced survival in amoebae as well as in macrophage and neutrophils. Interestingly, our findings indicate that the selection imposed by amoebae resulted in P. aeruginosa isolates with reduced virulence and enhanced fitness, similar to those recovered from chronic cystic fibrosis infections. Thus, predation by protozoa and long-term colonization of the human host may represent similar environments that select for similar losses of gene function. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes both acute infections in plants and animals, including humans, and chronic infections in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis patients. This bacterium is commonly found in soils and water, where bacteria are constantly under threat of being consumed by bacterial predators, e.g., protozoa. To escape being killed, bacteria have evolved a suite of mechanisms that protect them from being consumed or digested. Here, we examined the effect of long-term predation on the genotypes and phenotypes expressed by P. aeruginosa. We show that long-term coincubation with protozoa gave rise to mutations that resulted in P. aeruginosa becoming less pathogenic. This is particularly interesting as similar mutations arise in bacteria associated with chronic infections. Importantly, the genetic and phenotypic traits possessed by late-stage amoeba-adapted P. aeruginosa are similar to those observed in isolates obtained from chronic cystic fibrosis infections. This notable overlap in adaptation to different host types suggests similar selection pressures among host cell types as well as similar adaptation strategies.

Biofilm , Oadaptation , Volution , Redation , Rotozoa , Seudomonas , Irulence-factors ,

Flocculant/Disinfectant Powder | The Safe Water System


The Procter & Gamble Company developed P&G Purifier of Water™ in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). P&G™ sachets are now centrally produced in Pakistan, and sold to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) worldwide at a cost of 3.5 US cents per sachet. The P&G™ product is a small sachet containing powdered ferric sulfate (a flocculant) and calcium hypochlorite (a disinfectant). P&G™ was designed to reverse-engineer a water treatment plant, incorporating the multiple barrier processes of removal of particles and disinfection. To treat water with P&G™, users open the sachet, add the contents to an open bucket containing 10 liters of water, stir for 5 minutes, let the solids settle to the bottom of the bucket, strain the water through a cotton cloth into a second container, and wait 20 minutes for the hypochlorite to inactivate the microorganisms.

Kenya , Liberia , Indonesia , Stockholm , Sweden , Guatemala , Haiti , Pakistan , Guatemalan , Children-health-excellence-award , Centers-for-disease