Anti-vaxxers often target specific ethic groups or communities for recruitment and messaging. For example, lawyer and bioethicist Barbara Pfeffer Billauer of the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C., says such groups previously mobilized insular communities of Somalis and ultraorthodox Jews to oppose measles vaccines. "Their basic message is: The disease is not dangerous, be it COVID or measles; the vaccine is dangerous; and big pharma/government is out to dupe you," she said. To add wattage to their emotionally charged messages, anti-vaxxers like Del Bigtree of the Informed Consent Action Network reopen old wounds. "I would maybe tell you to go and look at the Tuskegee experiment and ask yourself, 'Are they lining up for another Tuskegee using African American citizens?'" said Bigtree in a June 21 video posted to Facebook and YouTube.