language search engines for the various 14 to 20 languages in india. it has come out with most of those. i lose count right now how many of those languages it searches. no indian company has the audacity or the money to sink into that confiscated linguistic challenges. there are a number of home-grown search engines in india that has since failed because google now not only can take you through a language search or hindu or moroccan that can take you through a really effective search in the language of commerce in india which is english. the growth in india has been tremendous. the two places google has not been able to grow our russia and the people's republic of china and actually google is not so strong in japan or south korea for different reasons. south korea does government, helps investor leon in a search engine that's specialized in korean language search in every language is a different challenge because syntax is different in every language that doing these relations among words and terms as a comp a gated thing. google does really well in english despite having one of its founders born in russia. it is not that good and -- apparently and within russia there is a strong sense of nationalism so the home-grown search engines and rush are much more powerful and popular than google even though there is very little web censorship in russia. in china of course you have explicit web censorship and a huge thorny relationship between google and the people's republic of china and you have a number of search engines that are sponsored by or at least allowed to dry by the government and there a number of other reasons why other search engines do better in china than google does. google is actually doing worse. now that said in the united unid states i think google is much more concerned about facebook than it is about being. thing is explicitly about shopping. nobody goes to thing to try to research climate change. hugo to google to research climate change and that is not always that great. but to go tubing to book an airline ticket to buy shoes. as it says in the commercial it is a decision issue. it never says use bang to find out about it. they are not interested in grabbing you that way because it is harder to make money that way. it is harder to make money with dinosaur links but for that reason google is adjusting to what being is doing but more importantly google wants to keep you happy with the open web so you spend less time and -- is the dollars are in the ads and they're really they are really afraid that facebook is going to leverage all that information in facebook about the things we levin people we we we love and turn it into an efficient advertising machine. so far facebook is not mastered which is where facebook pages are filled with ridiculous ads that are inappropriate to us as much of the time but everyone is pretty concerned and confident that facebook will crack the code at some point. >> the federal investigative agencies had contacted facebook extensively in the last several years and i wouldn't be surprised if they contact quite prevalently. >> thank you. appreciate it. thanks for coming. [applause] books are available for signing up for an. thanks for being with us. booktv is covered over 9000 nonfiction authors and books since 1989 but it all began with booknotes. c-span's original arbonne author and if you program. you can watch these programs on line of booktv.org. up next on booktv, encore booknotes. from 1999 elizabeth norman talked about her book, "we band of angels," the untold story of american nurses trapped on the tanned by the japanese. it tells the stories of army and navy nurses who were caught during the bombing of manila in the philippines by the japanese and their establishment of the jungle hospital for the numerous casualties. this lasts about an hour. c-span: elizabeth m. norman, author of "we band of angels," who are you talking about? >> guest: i'm talking about the army and navy nurses who were in the philippines when world war ii began, who surrendered to the japanese and are the largest group of american women pows in the history of our country. c-span: where's this picture from? >> guest: that's the picture taken of the army nurses when they were liberated from santo tomas interment camp in manila. they're on their way out of camp. c-span: and where did you get the idea for this book? >> guest: it grew out of two sources. my mother served in the spars in world war ii. and i was always very interested in her time in uniform. everybody's dads served in world war ii, but not too many mothers. so i had that interest. and i'm a nurse. i had done a book about nurses who'd served in the vietnam war and was very interested in the contradiction, really, between nurses whose mission is to save lives being put in a -- a world of war where the mission is to kill. the contradiction fascinated me. c-span: i notice your husband has something to do with all this. >> guest: he did. my husband served in the marine corps in 1968 in vietnam, and, therefore, i was always very interested in war because of him. c-span: and where do you do nursing now, teaching? >> guest: i now teach -- i run the doctoral program in nursing and teach in it at new york university. c-span: eight years, it says in this book, that you wrote that it took to write this. why did it take so long? >> guest: again, there are two reasons for that. first, i had to work on it part time. i was working full time in higher education, raising children and doing this in my spare time. and the other reason, the material about these women is scattered all over the country and in garages and basements, and i knew it would take me a very long time to find it. and it did. c-span: i know you've done a lot of interviewing. before we kind of get the whole picture here, pick one of the nurses and talk about her. >> guest: i would talk about cassie or helen nester, as she's known. cassie lives in pennsylvania, not far from philadelphia, and she really embodies, to me, what these nurses are. she is bright. she's funny. she's the most humane person. and underneath what looks like such an ordinary woman just is a very, very brave and courageous woman. c-span: we have a picture from the book. when was this taken? >> guest: that was taken -- i took that in the early 1990s when i first went to meet her. and she's sitting in her favorite rocking chair right by the farmhouse kitchen where she lives. and... c-span: who -- who -- who is she? >> guest: she's a daughter of italian immigrants, grew up in massachusetts in a town called bridgewater, wasn't a particularly scholarly child, a bit of a tomboy, as she called herself, but she decided to go to nursing school because she liked working with people. she graduated in 1938. and at that time nurses were able to join the red cross, and the red cross was almost used as a reserve force for the army nurses. when things began to build up in the early 1940s, cassie was sent into th -- she became a member of the army nurse corps, reserve status. she went to work in massachusetts at an army base and really had an itch to be where there was action, wanted to get out of massachusetts, wanted to see the world, and she volunteered for duty in the philippines. and as she said to me, 'i wanted to have an adventure. i had a little bit more than i bargained for.' c-span: what was her adventure? >> guest: her adventure was she went over there in peacetime, spent a whole five weeks in the philippines before the bombs started to fall, and wound up the first day of the war volunteering for duty in clark field in the philippines, which was destroyed. and, again, in the blink of an eye, she went from sort of a fun-loving, very nice young woman into a nurse who was working in an operating room working with trauma and damage that she never thought she'd ever see. c-span: when did she arrive in the philippines? >> guest: she arrived in the philippines in the very late october of 1941, and, of course, the war started there december 8th, 1941. it's the same day as pearl harbor, but across the international date line. c-span: when did they first have a bomb drop on them in the philippines? >> guest: the first bomb dropped in a place called baguio, which is in northern luzon, at a small army camp. there was an army nurse there named ruby bradley. and the first bombs fell in the philippines about six hours after they first started to drop on pearl harbor, so it was almost immediate. c-span: what did they do? >> guest: well, ruby bradley was up that morning getting ready for a routine surgical case. she said she was scrubbing in the operating room for a hysterectomy. and a -- a soldier came to the door and said, 'stop. there's not going to be any surgery today.' she couldn't figure out what was going on. he said, 'go to the surgeon's office.' she went over to meet the surgeon whom she'd worked with, and he said, 'look, i've just been notified they've bombed pearl harbor. they may bomb us at any time.' she said at that moment, they heard the drone of the planes. they went to the window, 'cause they didn't know, looked out, and there was a whole squad of japanese zer -- zeroes coming in on the base dropping bombs. c-span: what happened next? >> guest: well, the first thing -- and it's actually one of my favorite stories in the book. you know, the casualties were enormous, and she and the surgeon ran to the operating room. the first case to come in was a little boy. he'd been out walking with his mother that morning, just a normal monday morning, and he was in very bad shape. he was in shock, he was blue. and they tried to revive him any way they could. they weren't having any success. so the surgeon turned to her and said, 'look, we've got too many people to deal with here. we've got to let him go.' well, ruby -- and i understand this as a nurse and a mother -- just couldn't do it. she said, 'please, one more try.' he said, 'you do something.' so he handed her the needle which the -- they often will inject into the heart to get it going, and the needle is about six inches long. it's not like we'd usually get put in our arms. she couldn't do it. but she looked over across the operating room, and she saw a bottle of whiskey, which was sometimes used in the old days as a stimulant. and she put the stimulant -- she's not on that page... c-span: that's all right. go ahead. >> guest: she put the stimulant on a piece of gauze with some sugar, stuck it in the baby's mouth, he started sucking, and he was revived by the whiskey. they operated on him and saved his life. the next person to come into the operating room was his mother, and she's screaming and crying, 'where's my baby? where's my baby?' and ruby went up to her and said, 'do you hear him? he's just fine.' c-span: who's this lady right here? >> guest: that's eleanor garron. she's from indiana. she was really the intellect in the group of nurses, very well read on foreign policy. eleanor tended to keep her intellect quiet and her thoughts -- she was the one who knew the japanese were going to come, but said nothing. and the interesting thing about eleanor is after surrender, she kept a diary, but not of her own thoughts and feelings; she copied poetry from the famous poets and from aristotle, various thoughts that captured what she felt. so it's a fascinating diary. c-span: is she alive? >> guest: no. eleanor died about three years ago. c-span: did you talk to her? >> guest: i did. a friend of mine spent a lot of time with her. i had difficulty getting out to indiana for -- there was a -- for financial reasons. and a friend of mine went out and did all the interviews for her. c-span: and who is this right here? >> guest: oh, that's red harrington, or mrs. mary nelson. she lived nearby here in virginia. she was a navy nurse, and she was as beautiful as a movie star when she was a young woman. mary, or red as they called her, was a real spirited young woman, met her future husband when he was a prisoner of war in los banos interment camp. and they married and lived in virginia for 57 years. both of them just died within the last three months. c-span: did you talk to her? >> guest: yes, many times. c-span: and what was the reaction when you would sit and talk to somebody and talk about something that happened in 1941, '2, '3, '4? >> guest: i was so worried when i first started these interviews, and i'm thinking, 'my god, i'm asking people to recall memories from 50 years ago.' i just didn't know if they'd be able to. m -- mary nelson, red, the person we just looked at, she was one of the first, and within 10 minutes of talking to her, my fears were completely put aside. this experience was so intense and just the -- the turning point in their lives, they remembered everything about it. these women and other war veterans, i noticed, follow a pattern when you talk to them. they'll tell you very funny stories at first, and then they'll watch you carefully, and they'll listen to the questions that you ask. and if they see you're interested, you believe them and you've prepared a little bit, they'll start to open up. and that's what happened with every one of the women that i talked to. c-span: total number of people that are in your book? >> guest: well, there are 77 prisoner of war nurses, plus 20 who got out, a little more; 99 nurses were involved in this. i spoke to 20 of them directly. c-span: go back to the story about baguio at -- in 1941. where was douglas macarthur then? >> guest: douglas macarthur was in manila the day the war broke out. he was in his suite in the manila hotel. and for whatever reason -- and other historians have written books about it -- there was a delay really in letting the troops know exactly how near the japanese offensive might have been. so clark field was destroyed. baguio was bombed. everything happened. and macarthur was in his headquarters at that time. c-span: when did he leave for australia? >> guest: he -- first, he left manila for the island of corregidor, which is in the mouth of manila bay. and he was there from december until march, when the president ordered him out of the philippines to australia. the controversy about that is that the troops -- and the nurses were with the troops -- they were fighting in the jungles of bataan and on corregidor, and macarthur left, and he left his troops. so there's a lot of feeling about that. some people think, 'well, he was just obeying orders, so you can't fault him for that.' but other people say, 'wait a minute. i mean, he left. he took people with him. he left 77 women behind to surrender to the japanese.' and these were american nurses with absolutely no training. they didn't even have uniforms to go into the field, and he left them behind. c-span: how often did one of the nurses you talked to say something negative about general macarthur? >> guest: i would say about half the time. there are some nurses who forgive him and just -- just write it off to things that happen in war, but there are other nurses who felt that, as a result of his leadership or his lack of insight, that he really -- what he -- what happened to the americans left in the philippines is a real di -- was a disaster. c-span: did i notice in your book a little twinge of irritation when you say he got the congressional medal of honor when he was in australia? >> guest: yes. well, think about that. the american forces under general king and wainwright surrendered in april and may. it was the largest... c-span: of what year? >> guest: 1942. it was the largest surrender of american forces ever, i mean, if you exclude the confederacy in the civil war. and the troops were just being -- they were on the death march. they were being annihilated by the japanese. the american nurses were in great danger. no one knew what was going to happen to them, and here's general macarthur in australia being awarded the congressional medal of honor for his leadership in that campaign. and general wainwright, who took over from him after the -- macarthur left, someone had put him up -- nominated him for a congressional medal of honor, and douglas macarthur wouldn't support it. and general wainwright went in the prison camp. c-span: how ma -- how did 77 women become prisoners of war? >> guest: well, they were able -- after bataan fell on -- in early april 1942, the nurses were sent off the bataan peninsula across two miles of water to this island fortress of corregidor, which had long been a -- an american stronghold. they were underground in this cavern of -- labyrinth of tunnels that the americans had built. it's the sense of people -- and being war, there are papers that are lost -- that they probably would have gotten all the american women out of the philippines, but the japanese blockade was too great. our fleet was sitting at the bottom of pearl harbor. there just wasn't the time or the resources to get them out. therefore, you had these nurses on corregidor when the japanese troops landed on the island, and general wainwright knew that if he didn't surrender the forces, who were -- they were horribly outnumbered, there was going to be a bloodbath. c-span: give us an overview. the japanese bombed pearl harbor on december 7th, 1941, and how many american troops were in the philippines? >> guest: well, the americans and filipinos were grouped together. it was all an american force. and there were 72,000 troops in the american and filipino troops. the vast majority were filipinos, but there were tens of thousands of american men and then this small group of women there. c-span: you can see the map on the screen showing the philippines. i'm going to drop it down a little bit. explain the -- manila on the right and the bataan peninsula -- is that part of the philippines? >> guest: yes, it is. it's part of the largest island called luzon, which is the northern philippine island. c-span: and then the little island of corregidor right below it there, how big is that? >> guest: it's very small. it's about three miles long, and it's shaped like a tadpole. i was on it in january and was just amazed at the small size of it. there were 12,000 troops on that island the day the surrender occurred. c-span: what was the bataan death march? >> guest: after general king surrendered to the japanese on bataan, they -- japanese wanted to capture corregidor, which, as you could see on that map, was at the tip. they were very -- they turned their guns towards corregidor. they wanted to get the american troops out as quickly as they could. something, however, happened at that point that no one has really fully described. they took the troops from the point of the peninsula, the tip near corregidor, and started to march them off the peninsula, which, in itself, you could say, 'all right. that's a military strategy.' our american troops didn't have enough food or medicine during the four-month battle from january to april, so they were not in good physical shape to begin with. that's a very arduous walk along the coast, where it says cabadbaran and balanga. what happened, the japanese were moving them so quickly, if they wouldn't--they didn't feed them. they didn't give them water. it was tropical weather. if a man fell by the wayside, he was most likely murdered. so why they didn't put them on the trucks, why they didn't slow the pace down, why they didn't feed or give them water, no one knows. but it was one of the great atrocities of world war ii. c-span: well, how many troops walked and how -- what was the distance again? >> guest: the distance was 65 miles. and the numbers are a little -- they're -- they're -- frankly, they're kind of fuzzy 'cause records have been lost, but there were about 62,000 troops on the death march. c-span: and how many made it? >> guest: again, estimates are tough. they figure about 8,000 to 10,000 died on the march. th